Special Publications Muse urn of Texas Tech University NUMBER 42 15 JUNE 1999 TBe Bats Of Argentina Ruben M. Barquez Michael A. Mares and Janet K. Braun We dedicate this publication with great respect and affection to DR. KARL F. KOOPMAN, whose death leaves a void in the field of mammalogy in general, and in the biology of bats in particular. His intellect provided a shining light on the systematics of bats that illuminated the way for a generation of investigators. He will be greatly missed. For now, there are no more questions. Special Publications Museum of Texas Tech University NUMBER 42 THE BATS OF ARGENTINA Rub£n M. Barquez, Michael A. Mares, and Janet K. Braun Layout and Design: Janet K. Braun Cover Design: Patrick Fisher Copyright 1999, Museum of Texas Tech University All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, including electronic storage and retrieval systems, except by explicit, prior written permission of the publisher. This book was set in Times New Roman and printed on acid-free paper that meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Printed: 15 June 1999 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Special Publications of the Museum of Texas Tech University, Number 42 Series Editor: Robert J. Baker THE BATS OF ARGENTINA Ruben M. Barquez, Michael A. Mares, and Janet K. Braun Illustrations by Norberto Giannini ISSN 0169-0237 ISBN 0-9640188-9-6 Museum of Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX 79409-3191 USA (806)742-2442 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS.3 Collection and Preparation of Specimens.....3 Measurements. 3 Specimens Examined. 5 Localities and Maps.6 Figures. 6 Taxonomic Keys to the Bats of Argentina..,8 Text. 8 Description of Species.9 ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES.11 Key to the Families of Argentine Bats.. 11 Family Noctilionidae.11 Key to the Species.11 Genus Noctilio .11 Noctilio albiventris . 12 Noctilio leporinus . 15 Family Phyllostomidae. 19 Key to the Subfamilies.... 19 Subfamily Phyllostominae. 20 Key to the Species. 20 Genus Macrophyllum . 20 Macrophyllum macrophyllum .. 20 Genus Tonatia . 25 Tonatia bidens . 25 Genus Chrotopterus . 29 Chrotopterus auritus . 29 Subfamily Glossophaginae.33 Key to the Species. 33 Genus Glossophaga . 33 Glossophaga soricina . 33 Genus Anoura . 38 Anoura caudifer . 38 Subfamily Carolliinae .. 41 Genus Caro Ilia . 41 Carollia perspicillata . 41 Subfamily Stenodermatmae. 45 Key to the Species. 45 Genus Sturnira . 46 Sturnira erythromos . 46 Sturnira lilium . 50 Sturnira oporaphilum . 57 Genus Platyrrhinus . 59 Platyrrhimis lineatus . 59 Genus Vampyressa . 62 Vampyressa pusilla . 62 Genus Artibeus . 63 Artibeus fimbriatus . 66 Artibeus lituratus . 67 Artibeus planirostris . 72 Genus Pygoderma . 75 Pygoderma bilabial urn . 75 Subfamily Desmodontinae. 78 Key to the Species. 78 Genus Desmodus . 78 Desmodus rotundas 78 Genus Diaemus . 84 Diaemus youngi . 84 Family Vespertilionidae. 86 ICey to the Species. 87 Genus Myotis . 89 Myotis aelleni . 89 Myotis albescens . 90 Myotis chiloensis . .92 Myotis keaysi . 99 Myotis levis . 99 Myotis nigricans .110 Myotis riparius . 144 Myotis ruber .113 Myotis simus .. 115 Genus Eptesicus .117 Eptesicus brasiliensis... .117 Eptesicus diminutus . 120 Eptesicus furinalis . 123 Genus Histiotus . 128 His (iotas macrotus . 129 Histiotus magellanicus . 133 Histiotus montanus . 136 Histiotus velatus . 141 Genus Dasypterus . 142 Dasypterus ega . 143 Genus Lasiurus . 145 Lasiurus blossevillii . . 146 Lasiurus cine reus 152 Lasiurus varius 157 Family Molossidae. 160 Key to the Species. 160 Genus Molossops . 162 Molossops neglectus . 162 Molossops temminckii . 163 Genus Cynomops . 168 Cynomops abrasus ... 169 Cynomops paranus . 173 Cynomops planirostris . 174 Genus Tadarida . 178 Tadarida bras Mens is ... 178 Genus Nyctinomops . 184 Nyctinomops laticaudatus . 184 Nyctinomops macrotis . 186 Genus Eumops . 190 Eumops auripendulus . 191 Eumops bonariensis . 193 Eumops dabbenei . 197 Eumops glaucinus . 199 Eumops patagonicus . 203 Eumops perotis . 207 Genus Promops .211 Promops centralis .211 Promops nasutus . 212 Genus Molossus . 217 Molossus ater . 218 Molossus molossus . 221 DISCUSSION 227 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 241 LITERATURE CITED.243 APPENDIX I. GAZETTEER. 259 INTRODUCTION Bats (Order Chiroptera) are both abundant and rich in species throughout the world, The order is, after ro¬ dents, the most speciose, with 17 families, 177 genera, and 925 species (Koopman, 1993). Nine families occur in the Neotropics, with the greatest diversity of species being found in the Amazon basin (Findley, 1993). Spe¬ cies richness decreases toward the poles, thus only four families are found in Argentina. The bats of South America are biogeographically interesting. Koopman (1976, 1982) recognized seven faunistic subregions based on bat distributions, three of which occur in Argentina. The Patagonian Subregion, the largest, extends over much of the country. The East¬ ern Brazilian Highlands and Coast Subregion is found in northeastern Argentina in Misiones and Corrientes provinces. The Amazon Basin Subregion is found in northwestern Argentina as a strip of subtropical forest extending as far south as Catamarca Province (Mares et ah, 1995, 1996, 1997; Ojeda and Mares, 1989). When Koopman’s (1976, 1982) faunistic zones in Argentina are compared with the phytogeographic provinces pro¬ posed by Cabrera (1976) and Cabrera and Willink (1973), some differences are evident. The Patagonian Subregion, which does not coincide well with the floral zones, includes parts of the Chacoan, Andean- Patagonian, and Subantarctic phytogeographic prov¬ inces. However, the Eastern Brazilian Highlands and Coast Subregion and the Amazon Basin Subregion cor¬ respond to the Paranean (eastern Argentina) and the Yungas (western Argentina) phytogeographic provinces, respectively, These two small fragments of tropical and subtropical forest support the largest number of bat spe¬ cies in Argentina (Barquez et ah, 1993; Mares et ah, 1995, 1996, 1997; Ojeda and Mares, 1989). Viewed from a continental perspective, the Yungas forest of Argentina, which is a part of Koopman’s (1982) Amazon Basin Subregion, contains only 26% of the to¬ tal bat species found in the entire Amazon Basin Subre¬ gion. The Paranean phytogeographic province of Ar¬ gentina (which is a part of Koopman’s Eastern Brazil¬ ian Highlands and Coast Subregion) contains only 42% of the bat species found in the entire Eastern Brazilian Highlands and Coast Subregion. Although these two phytogeographic provinces are rich in species else¬ where, they are relatively impoverished in Argentina, a fact that may have led bat researchers to concentrate their efforts in more speciose parts of South America. However, Argentina supports about 300 species of mam¬ mals (more than the United States), and bats are a sig¬ nificant component of the fauna (Burt and Grossenheider, 1976; Olrog and Lucero, 1981). To clarify the biogeography of Argentina's mammal fauna, it is necessary to understand the systematics and distri¬ bution of its bats. There have been few detailed systematic studies on mammals in Latin America (e.g., Baker, 1991; Hershkovitz, 1987; Mares, 1982; Pine, 1982). However, early naturalists, such as G. E. Dobson, J. E. Gray, W. E. Leach, G. S. Miller, W. Peters, and 0. Thomas, among others, made outstanding contributions to our knowl¬ edge of bats. Unfortunately, few studies were conducted in Argentina, although Cabrera (1958, 1961) provided a foundation for later research on all South American mammals. The paucity of systematic studies on Argen¬ tine bats likely has had a negative affect on our under¬ standing of South American biogeography. Argentina is a country of great geological, botanical , and zoologi¬ cal complexity. Many species of bats reach their south¬ ern limits there. Lack of knowledge of bat systematics and distribution can lead to biogeographic conclusions being based on incomplete or erroneous information, for bats have been shown to be an especially important taxon for delineating biogeographic patterns (Findley, 1993; Ojeda and Mares, 1989; Willig and Mares, 1989; Willlg and Moulton, 1989; Willig and Sandlin, 1991; Willig and Selcer, 1989). Moreover, since detailed in¬ formation on the country’s bats has not been available (but see Barquez et ah,1993, for a non-technical pre¬ sentation of recent data on Argentine bats), most spe¬ cies are Known from only a few specimens collected in a few localities (Barquez, 1988; Barquez and Lougheed, 1990; Barquez and Ojeda, 1992; Mares et al., 1995). Specimens frequently have been misidentified, and the few published descriptions available are based mainly on specimens from other areas. Thus it has been diffi¬ cult to interpret ecological and biogeographical patterns. In this report, we present a systematic overview of the bats of Argentina. We describe the distribution for each species, list specimens examined, provide taxo¬ nomic keys, and describe morphological features of each species to assist in identification. We also summarize available information on the biology of each species and, whenever possible, provide correct identifications for specimens cited in the literature. 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS This study began in 1971 when Mares arrived in Argentina and began collecting throughout the north¬ western provinces (Mares, 1973). Barquez began his work on bats in 1972, and Braun began visiting Argen¬ tina in 1990. Since the early 1970s, field trips have oc¬ curred in most years. Barquez and his students have collected bats regularly, especially in northwestern Ar¬ gentina, since he became a professor at the Uni versidad Nacional de Tucuman in 1978. We personally have sampled 315 of the 848 localities given in Appendix I, with most field work occurring in northwestern Argen¬ tina in the forests of the .Amazon Basin Subregion, an area that is not only rich in bat species, but in other mammals as well (Barquez et ah, 1993; Mares et al., 1995, 1996, 1997; Ojeda and Mares, 1989). Museum specimens (3,730) also were examined at the British Museum (Natural History), London, and in North and South American collections, and loans of specimens were obtained from various museums. Several private collections were examined. A literature review provided information on previously published records. COLLECTION AND PREPARATION OF SPECIMENS Most specimens were captured with mist nets of different sizes, wefts, and fabric thicknesses placed in different types of vegetation, generally along rivers or streams that often are used by bats when feeding or drinking. Occasionally several nets were joined to in¬ crease the area sampled, or were placed at various heights to obtain samples from different vegetation lev¬ els. Bats also were collected from roosts in rural dwell¬ ings, hollow trees, rock fissures, culverts, and bridges. Several hundred individuals were marked with aluminum bands on the forearm and released, their re¬ productive condition and weight was recorded, and ec¬ toparasites were collected. Other individuals were pre¬ pared for museum collections as skin and skull, or pre¬ served in 70% alcohol for anatomical study. For each specimen the following data were recorded: sex, repro¬ ductive condition, collector number, locality, external measurements (in mm), weight (in g), and date of cap¬ ture. Additional observations included coexistence with other species, height above the ground at which the bats were captured, habitat, molt, ambient temperature and humidity, wind, and time of capture. MEASUREMENTS External measurements and characteristics (Figs. 1 and 2) were recorded in the field when specimens were prepared, or copied from labels of museum speci¬ mens. Cranial measurements (Fig. 3) were taken with vernier calipers to the nearest 0.05 mm. Measurements and their abbreviations are as follows: total length (ToL), distance from the tip of the snout to the tip of the tail; tail length (TL), distance between the point of insertion of the tail into the body and the last caudal vertebra; hindfoot length (HFL), distance from the heel to the tip of the longest digit including the claw; ear length (EL), distance between the notch and the tip of the pinna; fore¬ arm length (FA), distance between the elbow and the wrist when the wing is folded; weight, body weight in grams; condylobasal length (CBL), distance from the anteriormost edge of the premaxilla to the posteriormost projection of the occipital condyles; least interorbital breadth (LIB), least distance between the orbits; zygo¬ matic breadth (ZB), greatest distance across the outer margins of the zygomatic arches; greatest length of skull (GLS), distance from the anteriormost point of the ros¬ trum, excluding the incisors, to the posteriormost point of the cranium; postorbital constriction (PC), least dis¬ tance across the cranium measured posterior to the pos¬ torbital processes; breadth of braincase (BB), width of the cranium measured just posterior to the zygomatic arches; length of maxillary toothrow (LMxT), distance from the anterior margin of the alveolus of the canine to the posterior margin of the alveolus of the last molar; palatal length (PL), distance from the posterior margin of the alveolus of the incisors to the caudal spine or median posterior border of the palate; mastoidal breadth (MB), width of the cranium including the mastoid pro¬ cesses; length of mandibulartootfirow (LMdT), distance from the anterior margin of the alveolus of the canine to the posterior margin of the alveolus of the last molar; length of mandible (LM), distance from the anteriormost point (excluding the incisors) to the posteriormost point of the mandible (either the angular process or the man¬ dibular condyle); width across canines (C-C), distance between the outer margins of the upper canines; width across molars (M-M), breadth across the upper second molars. 3 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Thumb Propatagium Calcar Uropatagium Second finger Dactylopatagium minus Third finger Fourth finger Dactylopatagium longus Dactylopatagium latus Fifth finger Plagiopatagium Basal lobe Tragus Figure 1. External measurements and terminology of external parts mentioned in the descriptions. Abbreviations: FA forearm; ToL, total length; TL, tail length; FIFL, length of the hind foot; and EL, ear length. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 5 Figure 2. Location of the: (a) tragus and antitragus in Figure 3. Cranial measurements as described in the molossids and (b) the nose leaf in phyllostomids. Materials and Methods. SPECIMENS EXAMINED Acronyms for the museums and institutions from which specimens were obtained follows Hafner et al. (1997) for collections in the Western Hemisphere and Genoways and Schlitter (1981) for all others; for pri¬ vate collections, acronyms are the owner’s initials: AA, collection of Analia Autino, Tucuman, Argentina; AMNH, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States; BMNH, British Mu¬ seum (Natural History), London, England; CEM, col¬ lection of Elio Massoia and family, Buenos Aires, Ar¬ gentina; CM, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States; CML, 6 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Coleccion de Mamiferos Lillo, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina; EBD, Estacion Biologica Donana, Seville, Spain; EJ, collection of Enrique Justo, La Pampa, Argentina; FCM, Coleccion Mamiferos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; FMNH, The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, United States; IADIZA-CM, Instituto Argentino de Investigaciones de las Zonas Aridas, Mendoza, Argentina; JRC, collection of Julio R. Contreras, CAPRIM, Corrientes, Argentina; KU, Uni¬ versity of Kansas, Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas, United States; MACN, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia,” Buenos Aires, Argentina; MCZ, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cam¬ bridge, Massachusetts, United States; MD, collection of Monica Diaz, Tucuman, Argentina; MFA, Museo Florentino Ameghino, Santa Fe, Argentina; MLP, Coleccion de Mamiferos, Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; MJC-M, Museo de Ciencias Naturales y Antropologicas “Prof. Juan C. Moyano,” Mendoza, Ar¬ gentina; MPB, collection of Maria P. Bertolini, Buenos Aires, Argentina; MSB, Museum of Southwestern Bi¬ ology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States; MSU, Michigan State Univer¬ sity Museum, East Lansing, Michigan, United States; MVZ, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, United States; OMNH, Oklahoma Museum of Natural History', University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States; PIDBA, Programa de Investigaciones de Biodiversidad Argen¬ tina, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Tucuman, Argen¬ tina; RAO, collection of Ricardo A. Ojeda, 1ADIZA, Mendoza, Argentina; RMB, collection of Ruben M. Barquez, Tucuman, Argentina; ROM, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, Canada; S1G, collection of Silvia I, Guerrero, Fundacion Miguel Lillo, Tucuman, Argen¬ tina; SUVM, Vertebrate Museum, Shippensburg Uni¬ versity, Shippensburg, Pennsylvania, United States; TCWC, Texas Cooperative Wildlife Collection, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, United States; TTU, Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States; IBUNAM, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Instituto de Biologia, Mexico, Distrito Federal, Mexico; CUNRC, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Coleccion de Mamiferos, Cordoba, Argentina; USNM, United States National Museum of Natural History, Washington, District of Co¬ lumbia, United States. LOCALITIES AND MAPS All localities listed in Appendix I were ordered alphabetically and numbered consecutively. Note that entries beginning with “ch” follow entries beginning with “c,” in the Spanish style. Maps show the distribu¬ tion of the numbered collecting localities for each spe¬ cies. In general, each locality is given as it appeared on the label. Province, department, and geographic coor¬ dinates are listed; these are based on Keegan and Keegan (1993), Anonymous (1968), and regional maps obtained from the Instituto Geografico Militar de Argentina (Anon., 1954, 1972). Localities not found in these ref¬ erences or in maps available to us appear in Appendix I as “not located.” Localities obtained from museum specimens or from the literature often had insufficient information concerning the political department in which the bats were collected; these were assigned to an appropriate department, taking into account that many departments have changed their boundaries and even their names over the last 100 years. We have listed the original department where a specimen was collected if this was reported by the collector. We also list the current department for all specimens, even if their de¬ partment of collection was not recorded originally. The provinces of Argentina are shown in Figure 4. Records of occurrence are shown on the maps by dots. Because some localities were in close proximity, or were given in slightly different form, a single dot may indicate more than one locality. In such cases, individual localities can be obtained by examining the Specimens Examined, Additional Records, and Appendix I. FIGURES Drawings of each species were made using live bats as models or, in most cases, from fluid-preserved specimens. Some species are represented poorly in col¬ lections and drawings could not be made for these. For a few species, drawings were made using museum skins, photographs of live animals, and literature descriptions. Photographs of lateral, dorsal, and ventral views of the skull, and of the upper toothrow, were taken from Ar¬ gentine specimens in most cases. For those species not photographed, a drawing of their most important char¬ acters was made with a camera lucida. BARQUEZ ET AL.~-THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 7 72 “ 68 = 64 ' 60 “ 56 " 52 Figure 4, Provinces of Argentina. 8 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 5. Cusps of the teeth of the: (a) maxilla and the (b) mandible. Abbreviations: C, canine; P or p, premolar; M or m, molar. 1, 2, and 3 indicate first, second, and third, respectively. TAXONOMIC KEYS TO THE BATS OF ARGENTINA Keys were developed from an examination of mu¬ seum specimens and other data obtained in the field. Diagnostic characters mentioned in the keys were de¬ termined after examining the variability of the species within its range of distribution in Argentina. TEXT We report the first use of the scientific name for each species or subspecies. More extensive synonymies are provided in cases where the taxonomic history is more complex. The type locality is, in general, that given in the first citation. It is presented in a separate section be¬ cause in many cases further discussion is necessary. Dis¬ tribution outside Argentina is based on the literature; distribution in Argentina is based on our research, with comments on uncertain or doubtful records. Species descriptions are based, whenever possible, on specimens collected in Argentina or, when specimens from Argentina were scarce, on specimens from neigh¬ boring countries. All. species or subspecies are described. Color is rather subjective and may be affected by factors such as state of preservation, time in storage, pelage deterioration, treatment of skins with chemicals, temperature, humidity, and light, as well as such bio¬ logical factors as individual and population variability. In some cases, color is useful in helping discriminate between similar taxa and we use simple descriptions of color patterns where these are important in distin¬ guishing between similar species or subspecies. Skull characters that aid in identification are pre¬ sented. Dental formula and tooth descriptions (Fig. 5) follow Miller (1907) and Handley (1959). The sample size, mean, range, and standard deviation for external and cranial measurements are given in the text or in tables. The number of specimens available for each spe¬ cies, when grouped by sex, age, or particular area, was not sufficiently large to allow a more detailed statisti¬ cal analysis (see Willig, 1983, for the importance of sample size in bat studies). The Comments summarize available information on various aspects of the biology of the species. Specimens Examined lists specimens that were examined by us and identified as to taxon. Localities BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 9 are given for each specimen as they were written on the tags, with obvious errors corrected. Additional Records lists specimen records found in the literature that were unambiguously assignable to a particular taxon Localities of museum specimens that were not examined were included only when the spe¬ cies was easily identifiable. DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES In general, the arrangement of species follows Cabrera (1958), although recent information on the re¬ lationships of families, subfamilies, genera, and sub¬ genera is included. The Subfamily Sturnirinae is not recognized. Species of the Genus Sturnira have been included in the Subfamily Stenodermatinae of the Fam¬ ily Phyllostomidae. The Family Desmodontidae is not recognized, but is considered a subfamily of Phyllostomidae. The Genus Dasypterus is recognized as a valid genus. The Genus Cynomops is considered distinct from Molossops (Thomas, 1920n), and Nyctinoniops as distinct from Tadarida (Freeman, 1981 zz). Other differences with respect to Cabrera (1958) are discussed in the Description section of each species account, and deal primarily with the validity of scien¬ tific names, clarification of the synonymy, spelling, and distribution. ACCOUNTS OF SPECIES KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF ARGENTINE BATS 1. Nose leaf present, well developed, and triangular in shape, or reduced and rounded. ..Phyllostornidae (p. 19) 1'. Nose leaf absent.2 2 (!'). Approximately one-half of the tail included in the uropatagium and one-half is free.. Molossidae (p. 160) 2\ Tail long and almost completely included in the uropatagium, or short and appearing on the dorsal surface of the uropatagium.3 3 (2'). Tail very long and almost completely included in the uropatagium.Vespertilionidae (p. 86) 3'. Tail short, included in the uropatagium, but tip appearing on the dorsal surface.. Noctilionidae (p. 11) FAMILY NOCTILIONIDAE KEY TO THE SPECIES 1. Length of forearm > 70 mm; length of hind foot > 25 mm; wingspan about 500 mm. T. Length of forearm < 70 mm; length of hind foot < 20 mm; wingspan about 400 mm . Genus Noctilio Description .— Size medium to large when com¬ pared with other American bats, with Noctilio leporinus being larger than Noctilio albiventris. The rostrum is elevated and the muzzle is pointed; a nose leaf is ab¬ sent and the nares open down and forward. The upper lip has a pronounced vertical groove or fold of skin, conferring a hare-like (leporine) aspect. The ears are tubular or funnel-shaped, large, and separated; the tra¬ gus is small and serrated. The wings are long and nar¬ row, and attach to the body just below the knees. The femur is shorter than the tibia, which is well developed, particularly in N. leporinus. Claws are long, sharp, and hooklike. The calcar is large and plays a functional role in the motion of the uropatagium when prey are seized. The tail is short, extending to the middle of the uropatagium and protrudes through the dorsal surface. Pelage color varies, but always has red, orange, or yel¬ low tones. A pale mid-dorsal stripe may be present. The skull is similar in both species, excluding size and arrangement of molars and premolars. In N. leporinus spaces are present between the molars, . Noctilio leporinus Noctilio albiventris whereas in N. albiventris these gaps are not readily ap¬ parent. Skull shape is distinctive; the braincase is high and the sagittal crest is well developed, particularly in adult males. The rostrum is short, approximately one- half of the length of the braincase. The palate is con¬ cave and extends posteriorly beyond the toothrows. The tympanic bullae are small. The dental formula is I 2/1, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3, total 28. In the upper toothrow, 12 is smaller than 11 and lies behind it; PI has well-developed cusps; Ml and M2 are similar in size and, in N. albiventris , lack poste¬ rior emarginations (posterior emarginations are present in the premolars of N. leporinus so that there are no clearly defined spaces between them). The lingual side ofC 1 is slightly concave and has a medial ndge, whereas the labial side is uniformly convex. Another difference between species in this genus is that in N. albiventris the hypocone of Ml and M2 is relatively larger than that of N. leporinus. Additionally, Ml and M2 have a commissure that connects the hypocone with the com¬ missure connecting the protocone and metacone. The occlusal surface of M3 is one-half the size of M2. 11 12 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 640 go 0 56° 52° Figure 6. Map of the localities of Noctilio albiveniris. Noctilio albiveniris Desmarest Noctilio albiveniris Desmarest, Nouveau dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, appliquee aux arts, principalment a 1’agriculture, et a 1’economie rurale et domestique; par une societe de naturalistes. Nouvelle edition, presqu’ entierement refondue et considerablement augmentee, Ch. Deterville, Paris, 23:15, 1818. Type Locality .— Brazil, Bahia, Rio Sao Francisco. Distribution Parana River basin in southern Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina northward to southern Mexico. Hood and Pitocchelli (1983) described the dis¬ tribution of N. a. cabrerai as including western Uru¬ guay, northeastern Argentina, Paraguay, eastern Bolivia, and those parts of adjacent Brazil. However, Anderson et al, (1982) and Anderson (1997) did not mention speci¬ mens of this subspecies from southeastern Bolivia. Davis (1976) described N. a. cabrerai and differenti¬ ated it from neighboring populations of N. a. affinis by its smaller size and paler color. Myers and Wetzel (1983) noted that measurements of specimens from many of the localities cited by Davis (1976), in addition to their own specimens, suggested a more complex situation. We have summarized their results below. Specimens from the Department of Beni, Bolivia, which accord¬ ing to Davis (1976) belong to N. a. affinis , are small but slightly larger than N. a. cabrerai , and strikingly differ¬ ent than nearby samples of N. a. cabrerai from Magdalena and San Joaquin, also located in Beni. Speci¬ mens from Santa Cruz are significantly larger than those from Beni and are similar in size to those from the west¬ ern Amazon basin. Populations from central and south¬ ern Paraguay are similar to those from Beni and are slightly larger than N. a. cabrerai , but much smaller than those from Santa Cruz. Myers and Wetzel (1983) also pointed out that the average size of N. a. affinis (sensu Davis, 1976) seems to result from a mixing of the highly heterogeneous populations from Beni and Santa Cruz. We examined five male specimens (CML) from Beni. In almost all measurements, specimens from Resistencia, Chaco Province, Argentina, are larger than the specimens from Beni. Based on the distributions given by Davis (1976), the specimen from Chaco should pertain to N. a. cabrerai ; however, it is morphometri¬ cally more allied with N. a. affinis. Ibanez Ulargui (1981) reported that the Llanos de Apure in Venezuela are located in an area supporting different subspecies of N. albiveniris and also noted that forearm measure- BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 13 Figure 7. Noctilio albiventris\ (a) face and (b) uropatagium. ments of specimens from Romang, Santa Fe Province, Argentina, given by Crespo (1974), are similar to N. a. affinis from the upper Amazon, rather than N, a, cabrerai. Clearly, the taxonomic status of the subspe¬ cies is unresolved. Distribution in Argentina (Fig. 6).— Burmeister (1879) reported N. leponnus in Salta Province; how¬ ever, Cabrera (1938), based on Burmeister’s descrip¬ tions, treated it as N. albiventris rather than N, leporinus. N. albiventris has not been collected in northwestern Argentina. Description (Figs. 7 and 8).— Size is much smaller than N. leporinus. Pelage color ranges among various shades of brown, gray, orange, and yellow. Sexual dimorphism in color is common, females being browner than males; a pale mid-dorsal stripe may be distinct, hardly evident, or absent. Males are usually slightly larger than females and have a more pronounced sagittal crest, which may be absent or not readily ap¬ parent in young specimens and females; males gener¬ ally are heavier than females. Feet are long and robust, but less so than N. leporinus. Measurements. — Table 1. Comments. — Most specimens captured by Myers and Wetzel (1983) in the chaco flew over lakes or riv¬ ers; two were found in roosts in “quebracho” (Aspidospermitm sp.) trees, one roosting in a hollow tree with the entrance 1 m above the ground and the other roosting in a horizontal branch 20 cm in diameter and 6 m above the ground. Roosts also are placed in houses and buildings. Smith and Starrett (1979) noted the ability of this species to fly through dense vegeta¬ tion; other investigators have commented on their for¬ aging over water, sometimes flying in groups over riv¬ ers and streams. Food habits are similar to those of N. leporinus , except for a greater preference for aquatic insects. Whitaker and Findley (1980) studied fecal pellets and found remains of Coleoptera (Dytiscidae, Carabidae), Hemiptera, Homoptera (Cercopidae), Lepidoptera, and Diptera; Dytiscidae was the most abundant prey (22.5% of the total volume). Howell and Burch (1974) observed individuals feeding on mulberry fruits (Moraceae). Nothing is known about the reproductive biology of this species in Argentina. Myers and Wetzel (1983) captured pregnant females in the chaco of Paraguay in August and October, lactating females in September, and a young individual in January. Ibanez Ulargur (1981) reported that females had well-developed fetuses in Ven¬ ezuela in late January, gave birth from mid-May to early June, and lactated until late July. Mating probably oc¬ curred from late December to January, with a gestation period lasting about five months. He suggested that this Neotropical species has a seasonal monoestrous sexual cycle in the region of “Hato El Frio.” Given the differ¬ ences in timing of reproduction in Venezuela and Para¬ guay, it is unlikely that a consistent seasonality charac¬ terizes the reproductive cycle of this species through¬ out its range. 14 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 8. Skull and teeth of Noctilio alhiventris. 1408). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. Specimens Examined (27).— CORRIENTES: Corrientes, 1 (ROM); Mburucuya, 13 (MACN); Posadas, 61 kin W, along Hwy 12,2(1 CML, 1 OMNH). MISIONES: Posadas, l(MACN). SANTA FE: Romang, TsJa El Laurel, 10 (MACN). Adult male from Departamento Bern, Bolivia (CML Additional Records .— CHACO: Apipe Grande (Romaria and Abalos, 1950); Resistencia (Fomes and Massoia, 1968). CORRIENTES: Manantiales (Fomes and Massoia, 1967). FORMOSA: Clorinda (Davis, 1976; TCWC not examined); Parque Nacional Rio Pilcomayo (S. Heinonen F. and R. M. Barquez, in litt.). BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 15 Table I, Measurements o/TJoctilio albiventris and Noclilio leporinus. For a description of the measure¬ ments , see the Materials and Methods. Mean, standard deviation, and sample size are followed by range. Variable Noclilio albiventris Noctilio leporinus Total length 95.0 ± 2.72, 4 121.0 ± 19.79, 2 92.5 - 98 9 107 0 - 135.0 Tail length 11.4 ±0.49, 4 19.0 ± 5.65, 2 10.8 - 12.0 15.0-23.0 Hindfoot length 14.5 ± 0.53, 4 28.5 ±2.12, 2 14.0- 15.1 27,0- 30 0 Ear length 19.9 ± 1.42,4 26.0 ± 0.00, 2 19.0 - 22.0 26.0 - 26 0 Forearm length 63.3 ± 2.46,12 88.6 1 4.04, 3 5S.0-66.0 85.0 - 93.0 Condylobasal length 19.010 68, 4 24.61 1.13- 3 18.5-20.0 23.3 -25,4 Least interorbital breadth 8.6, 1 11.3 ± 0.95, 3 10.4 - 12,3 Zygomatic breadth 15.6 + 0.66, 4 19.8 ± 1.00, 3 14.7 - 16.2 18.7-20.6 Greatest length of skull 21.1 ±0.44, 5 26.7 ± 1.79, 3 20.5 -21 6 24.7 - 27.9 Postorbital constriction 6,010.16, 5 6.9 ±0.30, 3 5.8 - 6.2 6 6-7.2 Breadth of braincase 11.4 1 0.56, 5 13.8 ± 0.62, 3 10.6- 12,2 13.1 - 14.3 Length of maxillary toothrow 8.1 ±0.45, 5 10.4 ±0.40, 3 7.8 - 8.9 10.0- 10.8 Palatal length 9.3 ±0.24, 5 12.210.68, 3 9.0 -9.6 11.5 - 12.8 Mastoidal breadth 13.8 ±0,87, 5 17.3 ± 1.70, 3 12.8 - 14,9 15.6- 19.0 Length of mandibular toothrow 7.4 ±0.19, 5 9.9 ±0.61,3 7.3 -7,8 9.3 - 10.5 Length of mandible 14.910.21, 5 19.3 ± 1.21, 3 14.7- 15.3 17.9 - 20.0 C-C (width across canines) 7.3 ±0.23, 5 9.3 + 0.62,3 7.0-7.6 86-9.8 M-M (width across molars) 9.910.13, 5 12.4 ±0.49, 3 9.7 - 10.0 11.9 - 12.8 Noclilio leporinus (Linnaeus) [ Vesper!ilio ] leporinus Linnaeus, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, gen¬ era, species cum characteribus, different is, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 1:32, 1758. Noctilio leporinus: Gray, Synopsis of the species of the Class Mammalia, as arranged with reference to their organization, by Cuvier, and other naturalists, with specific characters, synonyma, &c &c, vol. 5, in The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its orga¬ nization, by the Baron Cuvier, with additional descrip¬ tions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed (E. Griffith, C. H. Smith, and E. Pidgeon, eds.). G. B. Whittaker, London, p. 67, 1827. Type Locality'. — Restricted to Suriname by Tho¬ mas (1911). Distribution. — Extending from western Mexico eastward to the Yucatan Peninsula, and southward to northern Argentina. Three subspecies are recognized; only one occurs in Argentina. 16 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 680 64° 60° 56° 52° ~T~ 240 28° 32° Figure 9. Map of the localities of Noctilio leporinus. Noctilio leporinus rufescens Olfers N[octilio]? rufescens Olfers, Bernerkungen zu Illiger’s Ueberblick der Saugethiere nach ihrer Vertheilung uber die Welttheile, riicksichtlich der Siidamerikanischen Arten (species) (Abhandlung 10 of Wilhelm Ludwig Eschwege’s Journal von Brasilien..., vol. 15, heft 2, of the “Neue Bibliothek des wichtigsten Reisenbeschreibungen zur Erweiterung der Erdund Volkerkunde...” edited by F. T. Bertuch, Weimar, p. 225, 1818. Noctilio leporinus rufescens : Hershkovitz, Jour¬ nal of Mammalogy, 40:340, 1959. Type Locality .— Apparently there is no type speci¬ men (Davis, 1973). The name rufescens , from the Chauve-souris rougeatre (reddish bat) of Azara (1801) from Paraguay, should have priority over Noctilio rufipes d’Orbigny (1836), from Rio San Miguel, Guarayo, Bolivia, according to Hershkovitz (1959). Hood and Jones (1984) also accepted rufescens , con¬ sidering rufipes as a synonym. Consequently, the type locality of this subspecies should remain as “Paraguay,” the correct synonym being that mentioned by Davis (1973). Distribution This subspecies is known from Bolivia (Beni, Cochabamba, La Paz, Santa Cruz, and Tarija), Paraguay, southeastern Brazil (Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo, and Rio Grande do Sul), and northern Ar¬ gentina, northward to Sinaloa, Mexico, and Trinidad. Distribution in Argentina. — Figure 9. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 17 Figure 10. Noctilio leporinus : (a) face and (b) uropatagium. Description (Figs. 10 and 11).— This subspecies is larger than N. /. leporinus. Forearm length ranges from 89.7 to 93 mm. Pelage color varies among shades of orange, red, and brown. According to Davis (1973), the brown phase should not be interpreted as a molting stage. Davis (1973) noted that males from Chiapas, Mexico were highly variable in color, and suggested that both sexes were probably equally variable in color. There also is variation in color in Argentina. A speci¬ men from the province of Santiago del Estero, for ex¬ ample, was much paler than specimens from Salta Prov¬ ince and had a more distinct and whiter dorsal stripe. The hairs of the venter were pale brown with white tips. Specimens from Salta Province have a yellowish or creamish dorsal stripe and are bright orange on the ven¬ ter (only slightly paler than the dorsum). Sexual dimor¬ phism in morphometric characteristics and in color pat¬ tern have been reported (Allen, 1937; Willig, 1983). Although the sample from Argentina is not large enough to ascertain character variability, the specimen from Santiago del Estero, an adult male, has a well-devel¬ oped sagittal crest. In contrast, the sagittal crest on speci¬ mens from Salta was poorly developed, although all were collected in the same season. Measurements. — Table 1. Comments. — This species is rare in Argentina. It roosts in hollow trees, rock fissures, caves and, less fre¬ quently, houses. It generally is found near water. The main food is fish, aquatic insects, and crustaceans. Prey are seized by the claws while flying over the water. Myers and Wetzel (1983) captured a specimen that had a partly eaten toad in its mouth, Goodwin and Greenhall (1961) found remains of Scarabidae, Elateridae, Cerambycidae, Gryllotalpidae, Blattidae, and flying ants in stomachs of specimens from the Virgin Islands. Ibanez Ulargui (1981) reported that 61% of stomachs examined contained fish and 56% contained insects. Dobson (1878) found fruit remains, probably Morus tinctoria , in the gut of specimens from British Guiana (Guyana). Moths may be seized in flight using the uropatagium (Villa-R., 1967). Willig (1983) observed groups of more than 30 individuals in day roosts in trees in the Brazilian caatinga, and flying in feeding groups of 3 to 15 indi¬ viduals. He also observed a group of about 150 indi¬ viduals in a night roost located below a bridge over a stream, as well as a large amount of guano that sug¬ gested extensive use of the roost. Some specimens from the FCM collection were captured 300 m inside waste- water tunnels in the city of Santa Fe, Santa Fe Prov¬ ince, Argentina. Nothing is known concerning reproduction of N. leporinus in Argentina. Myers and Wetzel (1983) re¬ ported pregnant females in August and September, and 18 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 11. Skull and teeth of Noctilio leporinus. Adult male from Bariado de Figueroa, Santiago del Estero Province (CML 1629), Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 19 lactating females in April in the Paraguayan chaco. Ibanez Ulargui (1981) suggested a non-seasonal repro¬ ductive cycle for this species in Venezuela; lactating females were found in February, June, and November, and pregnant females in June and September. Specimens Examined (67),— CORRIENTES; Manantiales, 46 (MACN); Mburucuya, 7 (MACN), FORMOSA: Clorinda, 2 (MACN); Puerto Pilcomayo, 1 (TCWC). MI SI ONES: Puerto Rico, 1 (MACN). SALTA: Los Madrejones, Junta de los Rios Tarija e Itau, 1400 m, 4 (CML); Oran, 1 (MACN); San Ramon de la Nueva Oran, 1 (MACN). SANTA FE: Santa Fe, Ciudad, 3 (FC'M). SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO: Bahado de Figueroa, Rio Salado, 1 (CML). Additional Records .— CHACO: Puerto Bermejo (Barquezand Ojeda, 1992); Resistencia (Cabrera, 1938). CORRIENTES: Corrientes (Davis, 1973); Isla Apipe Grande (Cabrera, 1938); Mercedes (Davis, 1973). FORMOSA: Clorinda (TCWC, not examined); El Colo¬ rado (Massoia, 1970); Estancia Las Mercedes (TCWC, not examined); Estanislao del Campo (Davis, 1973); Laguna Blanca (Massoia, 1970); Pilcomayo (Barquez, 1987) (^Puerto Pilcomayo); Pozo del Tigre (Davis, 1973). JLJJUY: Santa Clara (Yepes, 1944); Yuto (Davis, 1973). SALTA: Embarcacion, Finca Tres Pozos, 247 km NE San Salvador de Jujuy (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Hickman (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971). SANTA FE: Alejandra (MFA, not examined); Florencia (Cabrera, 1938); Puerto Santa Fe (MFA, not examined); Santa Fe (MFA, not examined); Sauce Viejo (MFA, not examined); Sauce Viejo, 17 km al N, cruce del Arroyo Negro con Rio Santa Fe (Martinez Achembach, 1967); Sauce Viejo, Rio Coronda (Martinez Achembach, 1967). FAMILY PHYLLOSTOMIDAE Excluding the members of the Subfamily Desmodontinae, the remaining phyllostomids in Argen¬ tina can be distinguished easily by the presence of a nose leaf, a fleshy appendage located on the upper forepart of the muzzle, Most species in this family have a tail enclosed in a caudal membrane or uropatagium, but the tail may be absent or, if present, may vary in size among species. In general, the wings are broad, which allows for slow and maneuverable flight. The diversity of food habits is greater than in other Neotro¬ pical bat families; food items include nectar, pollen, fruit, small vertebrates (amphibians, birds, and mam¬ mals), insects, and blood. In Argentina, the family oc¬ curs mainly in the warm forested regions of the North¬ east and Northwest. Five subfamilies have been recorded in Argentina. KEY TO THE SUBFAMILIES 1. Nose Leaf rudimentary, without distinct upright process; uropatagium reduced; calcar small, almost absent; the single pair of upper incisors and canines enlarged and bladelike, with sharp cutting edge.Desmodontinae (p, 78) E. Nose leaf well developed, with a distinct free upright process (lancet-shaped); upper incisors and canines not enlarged and bladelike.2 2 (L'j, Ears well developed, generally extending far beyond the nose when folded forward; upper molars markedly W-shaped; calcar well developed; tail visible and generally well developed.Phyllostominae (p. 20) 2'. Ears not extending beyond the nose when folded forward; upper molars without W-shaped pattern; calcar small or absent; tail barely visible, reduced, or absent . 3 3 (2’). Distinct longitudinal lines or patches present on different areas of the body and face.... Stenodermatinae (p. 45) 3'. Lines or patches absent.4 4 (3’). Muzzle short; tongue short and fleshy (thick); uropatagium well developed, with a minute tail; lower lip not grooved, and chin with a large wart surrounded by smaller ones .. Carolliinae (p. 41) 20 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 4'. Muzzle narrow and elongated; tongue long, thin, and protractile; uropatagium variable to almost absent; deep groove in the upper surface of the center of the lower lip.Glossophaginae (p. 33) SUBFAMILY PHYLLOSTOMINAE This subfamily is characterized by its molars, which have distinctive W-shaped and well-developed commissures. The nose leaf and uropatagium are well developed in all species. The tail may be well devel¬ oped, reaching the edge of the uropatagium as in the Family Vespertilionidae (e.g., MacrophyHum), moder¬ ately developed and protruding through the upper part of the uropatagium (e.g., Tonatia ), or barely visible (e.g., Chrotopterus). Olrog (1958) reported the genus Phylloslomus for Argentina, but we were unable to lo¬ cate the specimen corresponding to this record. Because the information provided by Olrog (1958) was insuffi¬ cient to establish an identification, the genus is not in¬ cluded in Argentina. KEY TO THE SPECIES 1. Size small; length of forearm about 36 mm; tail long and included in the uropatagium, nearly reaching its free margin; ventral surface of the uropatagium with longitudinal rows of dermal denticles; incisors 2/2 . Macrophyllum macrophyllum 1Size larger; length of forearm > 50 mm; tail reduced, uropatagium without dermal denticles; incisors 2/1.2 2(1'). Length of forearm > 70 mm (78-83 mm); tail short and hardly visible, not appearing on the dorsal surface of the uropatagium; coloration dark gray ; ears large (35-45 mm); p2 displaced to lingual side of the toothrow, so that it is not visible from the labial side. Chrotopterus auritus 2'. Length of forearm < 70 mm (55-61 mm); tail appearing on the dorsal surface of the uropatagium; coloration pale grayish or pale reddish; p2 not displaced from the toothrow and is visible from the labial side.3 3 (2’). Ears united by a low band across the forehead; index between the greatest length of the skull and the postorbital constriction ranges from 5.9 to 8.1 mm (this species is likely present in Argentina and is thus included here)... Tonatia silvicola 3'. Ears clearly separated; index between the greatest length of the skull and the postorbital constriction ranges from 4.2 to 5.4 mm. Tonatia hidens Genus Macrophyllum Macrophyllum macrophyllum (Schinz) Phyllost[oma] macrophyllum Schinz, Naturgeschichle und Abbildungen der Saugethiere. Das Thierreich eingetheilt nach dem Bau der Thiere als Grundlage ihrer Naturgeschichte und der vergleichenden Anatomie von dem Herrn Ritter von Cuvier. Saugethiere und Vogel. J. G. Cotta’schen Buchhandlung, Stuttgart und Tubingen, 1:163, 1821. Macrophyllum macrophyllum : Nelson, Proceed¬ ings of the Biological Society of Washington, 25:93, 1912. Type Locality. —Brazil, Bahia, Rio Mucuri. Cabrera (1958) indicated that the locality was assigned by Wied-Neuwied (1826). Avila-Pires (1965) recog¬ nized Wied-Neuwied (in Schinz, 1821) as first describ¬ ing the species, although the original specimen studied was not found, and the type specimen was not desig¬ nated. Husson (1962) claimed that some of the species described in Schinz’s “Thierreich” and attributed to “P. Max” should be assigned to Schinz rather than to Wied- Neuwied, since there is no reference by Schinz to any¬ one other than himself. Distribution. — Widely distributed from Mexico to eastern South America, including Venezuela, the Guianas, Colombia, Ecuador, Pern, northern Bolivia, BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 21 60° 56° 52° Figure 12. Map of the localities of Macrophyllum macrophyllum. eastern and western Brazil, Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina. Distribution in Argentina (Fig. 12).— Although this species is widely distributed, it is uncommon or difficult to catch, and there are few known records (see Harrison, 1975; Wilson and Gamarra de Fox, 1991). Description (Figs. 13 and 14).— Size is small, and the forearm varies from 34 to 39 nun; weight var¬ ies from 6 to 9 g. The tail, which is enclosed in the uropatagium, almost reaches the posterior edge, as in vespertilionids. The nose leaf is long and broad, with a conspicuous central keel, many crenulations on the lower edge, and a sharp tip. Four or five well-devel¬ oped glands are situated behind the nose leaf on both sides of the muzzle. A group of three warts encircled by eight smaller warts is found on the lower lip. The muzzle is short and the eyes small. The wing membranes are broad, naked, and attach at the middle of the tibia. The ears are broad and well developed and sharp at the tip; the inner edge is distinctly convex. The uropatagium is wide and long, completely enclosing the tail. Series of dermal denticles are present along the distal ventral sur¬ face of the uropatagium. The feet are long and shaped like Noclilio\ the outer digit has a single phalanx, whereas the others have two. Dorsal coloration of the pelage is dark brown, the hairs paler at the base; the venter is paler than the dorsum. Olrog and Lucero (1981) described the coloration of this species as blackish brown with a paler venter. The skull is very small and is characterized by the forward displacement of the maxillae and the re¬ traction of the nasal openings to the second premolars. Proportionally, the rostrum is less than one-half the length of the braincase ( measured as the distance from the postorbital constriction to the postenormost point of the skull). The palate is long, extending posteriorly beyond the edge of the upper toothrow, The hamular processes of the pterygoids are parallel anteriorly and strongly divergent posteriorly. The tympanic bulla is small and encloses less than one-half of the cochlea. The sagittal crest is absent; the zygomatic arch, although fragile, is complete. The dental formula is I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/3, M 3/3, total 34. The 11 is large and procumbent; 12 is reduced and only reaches the cingulum of II. The canines are approximately twice the size of the largest incisor and are curved. The P1 is small, much smaller than P2, and is separated from it by a small gap; viewed laterally, the P2 is higher than the molars. The Ml is the largest tooth in the molar row and, like M2, has well-defined W-shaped commissures. Only two commissures and a trace of a third can be seen on M3. In the lower toothrow, i 1 and i2 are small, with trilobulate edges. The anterior face of pi is in contact with the canines; p2 is small and displaced to the lingual side of the toothrow, so that pi and p3 are in contact. The ml and m2 are well devel¬ oped and similar to one another; m3 is much smaller and the talonid basin is indistinguishable due to the closeness of the hypoconid and entocomd. Measurements .— Table 2. Comments .— Studies dealing with this species are scarce and there are no data on its biology in Argentina. Harrison (1975) reviewed its biology, Dickennan et al. (1981) reported the first record from Guatemala; they observed colonies of more than 70 individuals living in sewer systems and noted they were hard to capture. Whitaker and Findley (1980) found Chironomidae, spi¬ ders, and Coleoptera in fecal pellets of specimens from Costa Rica and Panama, where bats were captured a few centimeters over the water’s surface. Gardner (,1977a) summarized data on food habits in Panama and mentioned the occurrence of Hemiptera (Guerridae) in stomachs. Davis et al. (1964) collected this species at 22 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 13. Macrophyllum macrophylhtm : (a) and (f) face; (b) uropatagium; (c) tragus; (d) hind foot; and (e) articulation of the forearm and digits. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 23 Figure 14. Skill I and teeth of Mcicrophyllum macrophylliim. Adult male from Cueva Maria Antonia, Misiones Province (MACN 17026). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. the bottom of nets placed close to the water which, to¬ gether with features such as long feet and a large uropatagium, suggested to the authors that this species fed on aquatic insects or small fish, although the stom¬ achs were empty. Seymour and Dickerman (1982) ob¬ served the presence of this species in Guatemala in¬ side culverts 1 m wide and 10 m long and with stable water flow; it was absent from sewer systems with no water flow. They noted that males were more common than females, and reported groups formed of males only. Brosset and Charles-Dominique (1990) reported that it roosts in culverts, caves, and subterranean cavities in French Guiana. Wilson and Gamarra de Fox (1991) col¬ lected several individuals in the month of February from 24 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Table 2. Measurements o/Macrophyllum macrophyllum, Tonatia bidens, and Chrotoptems aurifus. For a description of the measurements, see the Materials and Methods. Mean , standard deviation, and sample size are followed by range. Variable Macrophyllum macrophyllum Tonatia bidens Chrotopterus auritus Total length 81.0, 1 96.1 ± 5.13, 12 106.1 ±9.42, 7 85.6 - 105.0 95.0 - 125.0 Tail length 35.0, 1 16.5 ±2.36, 12 11.0, 1 12.0-21.0 Hindfoot length 10.0, 1 15.3 ±2.30, 12 21.5 ±0.86, 7 10.0-20,0 20.0- 22.5 Ear length 16.0, 1 25.2 ±2.25, 12 39.8 ±4.68, 7 22.0 - 29.5 32.0 - 44.7 Forearm length 36.0, 1 57.6 ± 1.16, 12 82.0 ± 1.05, 8 55.0 - 59.0 80.0 - 83.0 Weight 32.7 ± 9.63,4 85.0 ± 7.07,2 26.0 - 47.0 80.0 - 90.0 Condylobasa! length 14.3, 1 24.5 ±0.32, 10 3 1.2 ± 0.28, 8 24.1 - 25.1 30.9-31.8 Least interorbital breadth 7.2 ± 0.40, 5 8.1 ±0.31, 7 6.8 - 7.8 7.7 - 8.7 Zygomatic breadth 13.6 ±0.22, 10 19.1 ±0.37, 8 13.4 - 14.1 18.6 - 19.8 Greatest length of skull 16.3, 1 27.9 ±0.46, 10 35.4 ±0.44, 8 27.3 - 28.7 34.6 - 36,2 Postorbital constriction 3.2, 1 5.7 ±0.12, 10 6.2 ±0.11,8 5.7-6.1 6.1 -6.4 Breadth of braincase 7.9, 1 1 !.2±0.16, 10 13.9 ±0.29, 8 11.1 - 11.5 13.3 - 14.3 Length of maxillary toothrow 5.5, 1 10.0 ± 0.31, 10 12.9 ±0.22, 8 9.7 - 10.8 12.6 - 13.3 Palatal length 11.9 ± 0.22, 10 15.6± 0.54, 8 11.6 - 12.3 14.9- 16.6 Mastoidal breadth 8.4, 1 13.3 ± 0,13, 7 17.4 ± 0.35, 8 13.2 - 13.6 16.9 - 17.9 Length of mandibular toothrow 11.3 ±0.21, 6 12.6 ± 0.55, 8 11.1 - 11.6 12.1 - 13.9 Length of mandible 18.0 ±0.26, 9 24.3 ± 0.21, 8 17.7 - 18.5 24.1 -24.7 C-C (width across canines) 3.4, 1 5.9 ±0.28, 10 7.2 ± 0.27, 8 5.5 - 6.3 6.9 - 7.7 M-M (width across molars) 8.9 ±0.20, 10 11.7 ±0.22, 8 8.7 -9.3 11.3 - 1 1.9 a cave in Paraguay, where they occurred with Carollia perspicdlata ; one female M. macrophyllum showed evi¬ dence of recent lactation. Fomes et ah (1969) provided the only data for this species in Argentina. They recorded remains of chitin on the inner side of the uropatagia of specimens col¬ lected in Cueva Maria Antonia, a few meters from the Parana River. The cave had two entrances, a narrow one used by a colony of about 150 Desmodus rotundas , and a wider one in which two specimens of Macrophyllum and one Carollia were captured. Harrison (1975) reported that a 17.5 mm fetus al¬ ready had the distinctive nodules on the uropatagium present. Wilson (1979) captured pregnant females in Oc¬ tober in El Salvador, in March, May, and August in Costa Rica, and in October and November in French Guiana. Specimens Examined (1). — MI SI ONES: Cueva Maria Antonia, 1 (MACN). BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 25 68° 640 60° 56 o 52 o Figure 15. Map of the localities of Tonatia bidens. Genus Tonatia Tonatia bidens (Spix) Vampyrus bidens Spix, Simiarum et Vespertilionum Brasiliensium species novae ou histoire nalureJJe des especies nouvelles de singes et de chauve- souris observees et recuei 11 ies pendant le voyage dans finterieur du Bresii execute par ordre de S. M. le Roi de Baviere dans les annees 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820. Franciscj Seraphict Hiibschmanni, Monachii, p. 65, 1823. Tonatia bidens : Gray, A synopsis of the species of the Class Mammalia, as arranged with reference to their organization, by Cuvier, and other naturalists, with spe¬ cific characters, synonyma, &c 8c c, voi, 5, in The ani¬ mal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organiza¬ tion, by the Baron Cuvier, with additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not be¬ fore'noticed. (E. Griffith, C. H. Smith, and E. Pidgeon, eds.). G. B. Whittaker, London, p. 69, 1827. Type Locality. — Brazil, Bahia, Rio San Francisco. Distribution. — Williams et al. (1995) separated T. bidens , which they described as a monotypic spe¬ cies, from I saurophiky which was separated into three subspecies. The range of T. bidens extends from north¬ eastern Brazil through Paraguay, eastern Bolivia, and northern Argentina. Distribution in Argentina (Fig. 15).— Tonatia silvicola was cited previously for Palma Sola, Jujuy Province (Fornes et al., 1967) and Cataratas del Iguazu, Misiones Province (Vilia-R, and Villa-C, 1971). How¬ ever, these specimens were T. bidens and were the first reported for Argentina (Barquez et al., 1993). Description (Figs. 16a, 16b, 16c, and 17).— In general, this species resembles T. silvicola (Figs. 16d and 18). Diagnostic characteristics are: the ears are com¬ pletely separated; the size of the skull is generally larger than T. silvicola (smaller than T. saiirophila); the breadth of the postorbital constriction is much larger than in T silvicola ; the ratio of the greatest length of the skull and the postorbital constriction is less than 5.5 in T bidens and greater than 5.9 in T. silvicola. The tail pro¬ trudes dorsally from the middle of the uropatagium. The general color pattern of the pelage is grayish brown, with paler ashy gray on the sides of the neck, on the shoulders, and on the venter. The hair of the venter is usually darker basally, although this is difficult to see because of the pale tips. The proximal one-half of the forearm is furred dorsally and ventrally, differentiating this species from specimens of T. silvicola examined 26 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 16. Tonatia bidens (a, b, and c) and Tonatia silvicola (d): (a) face; (b) forearm; (c) uropatagium (dorsal view); and (d) face. from Bolivia, which were less furred on the forearm. The membranes generally are naked except for a small strip at the outer edge of the plagiopatagium. The ears are large and rounded, although smaller than in T. silvicola , and do not extend beyond the nose when laid forward. The inner edges of the proximal one-half of the ears are trimmed with white or pale gray hairs. The nose leaf is broad at the base and narrows abruptly from the middle to the tip; the tip is not sharply pointed. The upper lip is smooth and lacks warts; the lower lip has a central wart surrounded by smaller ones. The tragus is well developed; the antitragus is noticeably smaller than in T. silvicola. The uropatagium is broad and supported by calcars, which are smaller and weaker than in T. silvicola. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 27 Figure 17. $ku\\ of Tonatia bic/ens. Adult male from Laguna La Brea, Jujuy Province (OMNH 1 8788). Bar = 1 cm. The braincase is broad and the postorbital con¬ striction subtle in comparison with T. silvicola. The zy¬ gomatic arches are slender, although they appear broad in lateral view and show a medial constriction. The lambdoid and sagittal crests are poorly developed. Tym¬ panic bullae are small, barely covering the middle of the cochlea. The mastoid processes are well developed. In lateral view, the rostrum shows a pronounced slope from the braincase to the top of the nasal opening. The dental formula is I 2/1, C 1/1, P 2/3, M 3/3, total 32. The inner incisors are well developed, in con¬ tact with the each other, and slightly procumbent and concave anteriorly, appearing grooved. The 12 is tiny and placed withm the cingulum of the canine. The up¬ per canines are slightly recurved. The PI is small and touching the canine; it is triangular in shape in lateral view; the anterior edge fits completely in the canine cingulum. The P2 is the highest tooth in the row. The Ml and M2 are square-shaped, the cusps are well de¬ veloped, and all have the W-shape characteristic of the subfamily. The M3 is reduced and only two commis¬ sures are distinguishable with the parastyle better de- 28 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 18. Skull and teeth of Tonatia silvicola. Adult female from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (CML 1476). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. veloped than in the other molariform teeth. In the lower toothrow, il is well developed, higher than it is wide, and has smooth edges. The canines are in contact witheach other behind the incisors. Both pi and p3 are laterally compressed and unicuspidate; p2 is minuscule and usually displaced to the labial side except in one specimen in which it was displaced to the lingual side. The fourth commissure of m3 is reduced in compari¬ son with the other molars. Measurements .— Table 2. Comments .— Very little is known about the feed¬ ing habits of this species. According to Gardner (1 911a), fruits and insects are its main food. Humphrey et al. BARQUEZ ET AL. THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 29 (1983) reported a diet of insects, mainly Coleoptera and Homoptera, a lesser proportion of Araneidae and Lepi- doptera, he also found a trace (0.7%) of vertebrates. Myers and Wetzel (1983) found insect chitin and fruit pulp in the stomachs of Paraguayan specimens. Obser¬ vations ofcarnivorous feeding in this species have been rare and it is considered to be primarily a leaf-insect feeder. However, the stomach of a specimen caught in Laguna La Brea, Jujuy Province, was filled with down feathers, indicating the consumption of a young bird. The reproductive cycle is poorly known. Breed¬ ing may occur more than once a year (Wilson, 1979), since pregnant females were recorded in January (Costa Rica), February (Guatemala), May (Trinidad), July (Peru), and August (Honduras). Young were reported in August in Honduras and Costa Rica. A specimen from Laguna La Brea, a male with well-developed scrotal testes, was collected in mid-June (winter). Gardner (1976) reported pregnant females from Peru at the end of July, but no reproductive activity in April, Specimens Examined (13).— JUJUY; Laguna La Brea, 8 (6 MACN, 1 OMNH, 1 ROM); Palma Sola, Mina de Azufre, 4 (3 ROM, 1 TCWC). MISIONES: Cataratas del Iguazu, 125 m, 1 (IBUNAM). Genus Chrotopterus Chrotopterus auritus (Peters) Vampyrus auritus Peters, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, p. 415, 1856. Chrotopterus auritus: Peters, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, p. 505, 1865, Type Locality .— Mexico ( Oaxaca or Veracruz, see Medellin, 1989, and Carter and Dolan, 1978, for dis¬ cussion of type locality). Distribution. — Three subspecies are recognized: C. a. auritus, distributed from Mexico to northernmost South America; C a. guaianae from Venezuela, the Guianas, and northern Brazil; and C. a. australis, from east-central Peru, southern Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and northern Argentina. Thomas (1905) reported specimens from Guyana and southern Brazil, distinguishing between two sub¬ species, guaianae and australis, but some authors have questioned the existence of geographic races (Handley, 1966). We found no subspecific differences in speci¬ mens collected throughout the range; however, a larger sample size is required to solve this problem. Until a revision is conducted, we retain Thomas’ (1905) listing for the Argentine subspecies. Chrotopterus auritus australis Thomas Chrotopterus auritus australis Thomas, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 7, 16:308, 1905. Type Locality .— Paraguay, Concepcion, 300 m. Distribution in Argentina .— Figure 19. Description (Figs. 20 and 21).— This is one of the largest bats in Argentina, with the forearm measur¬ ing from 80 to 83 min in the specimens examined (other specimens have been reported to range from 78 to 84 mm). The ears are large and separated from each other. The nose leaf is long and thick, its basal margin free of the muzzle. The tragus is small compared to the ears, is lanceolate in shape and has a pointed tip; the antitragus is reduced. The upper lip is smooth. The lower lip has a wart in the middle, a smaller one on each side, and a small groove on its anterior surface. The wing mem¬ branes are broad and well developed; the plagiopatagium is attached to the base of the foot at the proximal end of the toes. The uropatagium is long, reaching the base of the feet and is supported by well- developed calcars. The tail is tiny and enclosed in the uropatagium. The fur is long and fine, and extends over the wing membranes to the middle of the forearm, both dorsally and ventrally; a brush of hair is present at the base of the thumb. Color is blackish brown above and grayish below. The membranes are dark and the wing tips are white; the propatagium is somewhat transpar¬ ent, and is paler than the other membranes. The braincase is robust and elevated, with a well- developed sagittal crest. A lambdoida! crest is less de¬ veloped but clearly visible. The postorbital constriction is apparent, marking a sharp division between the brain- case and the broad rostrum. The zygomatic arches are thin (although broad in lateral view); viewed laterally they expand dorsally, and especially posteriorly. The mastoid processes are heavy. The basilar pits are shal¬ low and the tympanic bullae are small. 30 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 68° 640 60° 56° Figure 19. Map of the localities of Chrotopterus auritus. The dental formula is I 2/1, C 1/1, P 2/3, M 3/3, total 32. The II is larger than the 12, the latter is reduced in size and resembles Tonatia bidens. The PI is small, slightly displaced to the labial side, low and, although scarcely in contact with the canine, fills the gap between the canines and the premolars. The molars are similar to those of Tonalia, but noticeably more robust. The cusps are well developed, although the protocone is relatively low in comparison with the other cusps. The il is small; it is displaced anteriorly in some specimens, thus permitting the canines to be close to each other. The pi is slightly triangular and lower than p3. The p2 is tiny and lies between pi and p3, displaced somewhat to the lingual side and not vis¬ ible from the labial side of the mandible because pi and p3 are close together. The lower molars are nar¬ rower and have noticeably higher cusps than the upper ones. Measurements. — Table 2. Comments .— In Argentina the species occurs pri¬ marily in moist forests up to 1700 m. In forested areas abutting savannas, it will not be caught in the open sa¬ vanna (Delpietro et al., 1992). It is difficult to capture because of its ability to avoid nets (see also Delpietro et al, 1992), and has often been considered to be rare (e.g,, Brosset and Charles-Dominique, 1990), although it has been observed to fly in small, apparently cohesive, flocks of males and females (Delpietro et al., 1992). We often have found birds and bats (especially Slurnira lilium) hanging in bat nets with their heads eaten, al¬ though this species was not observed to feed on netted bats in Corrient.es Province (Delpietro et al,, 1992). The height above the ground at which they were entangled suggests predation by Chrotopterus. Park guards from Iguazu National Park report that Chrotopterus is com¬ mon in the area and they observed one holding a mouse (Oligoryzomys) in its mouth; the bat had bitten the skull of the rodent. Olrog (1973) examined stomachs of Chrotopterus collected in Salta and Jujuy and found flesh, bones, feathers, and remains of a Marmosa (=Thyiamys). Villa-R. and Villa-C. (1971) collected five individuals in Salta Province 40 m into a mine, where hair and skeletal remains of mammals, probably Ctenomys , were scattered on the floor. Barquez and Guerrero (1985) reported the remains of Cuterebridae larvae (a common ectoparasite of mammals) in the gut of a specimen from Salta. Gardner (1977a) reported the species feeding on insects and fruits, but Sazima (1978) BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 31 Figure 20. Chrotopterus auritus: (a) face (lateral view) and (b) face (frontal view). suggested they were carnivorous. Tuttle (1967) found remains ofreptiles (Thecadactylus rapidicaudits) in the stomach of a specimen from Venezuela. This species survives at least up to 4 years in the wild (Delpietro et al., 1992). Little is known about reproduction in this species in Argentina, although a lactating female was captured in Corrientes Province in December (Delpietro et al., 1992). In Salta Province, a female with a fetus (crown- rump length ~ 35 mm) was collected in October, as were reproductively active males in November. Villa-R. and Villa-C, (1969) observed reproductively active animals in late July (winter) in Salta, recording a pregnant fe¬ male with a fetus in the early stages of development, and males with scrotal testes. Crespo (1982) also re¬ ported reproductive activity in November (late spring) in Misiones Province. Specimens Examined (21).— JUJUY: Abra de Canas, El Monolito, 1700 m, 1 (CML); Aguas Negras, Parque Nacional Caliiegua, 1 (CML); Laguna La Brea, 3(1 MACN, 2 MD); Palma Sola, 1 (ROM). MISIONES: Arroyo Urugua-i, 1 (MACN); Bonpland, 1 (MACN); Estancia San Jorge, 2 (MACN); Leandro N. Alem, 1 (MACN); Obera, l (MACN); Olegario V. Andrade, 2 (TCWC); Santa Ana, 1 (MACN). SALTA: Abra Grande, 20 km NW Oran, 1 (CML); Piquirenda Viejo, 6 km W, 1 (OMNH); Vado de Arrazayal, 20 km NW Aguas Blancas, 2 (CML). TUCUMAN: Arroyo Aguas Chiquitas, Reserva Provincial Aguas Chiquitas, 1 (CML); Dique San Ignacio, 1 (CML). Additional Records .— CH ACO: Colonia Benitez (Cabrera, 1938); Rio Guaycuru (Cabrera, 1938). CORRIENTES: Noreste de Corrientes (H. A. Delpietro etak, 1992). FORMOSA: Puerto Velaz (Cabrera, 1938). MISIONES: Arroyo Urugua-i (Massoia et al., 1987); Cataratas del Iguazu (Crespo, 1982); Departamento Cainguas (Massoia, 1980); Parque Nacional Iguazu (S. Somay, personal communication). SALTA: Abra Grande (Olrog, 1976); Mina Pablo, Unchime, 25 km E General Giiemes, 1100 m (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Rio Mojotoro, 5 km N Salta (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971 ). 32 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 21. Skull and teeth of Chrotopferus auritus, Adult female from Abra Grande, 20 km NW Oran, Salta Province (C.ML 1778). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. BARQUEZ ETAL—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 33 SUBFAMILY GLOSSOPHAGINAE Two species, Glossophagci soricina and Anoura caudifer , occur in Argentina. Anoura geoffroyi was re¬ ported erroneously for the country; previous citations arealLY caudifer {Barquez etal., 1993). The main char¬ acteristics of this subfamily are the remarkably elon¬ gated muzzle and Longue, which are adapted for feed¬ ing on nectar. Body size is small and the general ap¬ pearance is rather fragile. Molars have W-shaped com¬ missures, but these are less pronounced than in mem¬ bers of the Subfamily Phyllostominae. A trend toward less robust teeth is evident; lower incisors are absent in Anoura. The zygomatic arches are poorly developed and sometimes absent in A. caudifer, but arc always present in G. soricina. The nose leaf is small and clearly evi¬ dent, but never as well developed as in the subfamilies Phyllostominae, Stenodermatinae; or Carolliinae. KEY TO THE SPECIES 1. Uropatagium well developed and broad; tail minute and appearing on the dorsal surface of the uropatagium; incisors 2/2. Glossophagci soricina I'. Uropatagium reduced, obsolete, or absent; tail small or absent, when present not appearing on the dorsal surface of the uropatagium; incisors 2/0.2 2 (P). Uropatagium not visible; inner margins of legs and rump covered with hairs; tail and calcar absent (probably present in Argentina). Anoura geoffroyi 2'. Uropatagium small but visible, semicircular in on its trailing edge; tail very short, reachin calcar about one-half as long as the foot... Genus Glossophagci Only one species, Glossophagci soricina , has been recorded for Argentina. Four subspecies were listed by Jones and Carter (1976), but Webster and Jones (1980) listed five subspecies: G s. antillarum from Jamaica (uncertain in the Bahamas); G, s. handleyi, from Mexico and Central America, with the type being from the Yucatan Peninsula; G. s. muLica , occurring on the Tres Marias Islands, Mexico; G. s. soricina, which occurs in most of South America, including Argentina; and G. s. valens in western Ecuador and Peru. Glossophagci soricina (Pallas) Vesper!iho soriciruts Pallas, Miscellanea zoologica, quibus nov imprimis atquc obscur animalium species dcscribuntur et observationibus i conibusque illustrantur. Hagae Comitum, apud Petrum van Cleef, p. 48,1766. Glossophaga soricina: E. Geoffrey St,-Hi la ire, Memoires du Museum d’Histoirc Naturelle, Paris, 4:418, 1818, Type Locality. — Restricted to Suriname by Mi Her (1912), although Pallas gave the distribution as Suriname and the Caribbean (Cabrera, 1958; Husson, 1962). The type specimen is probably lost (Miller, 1913a). shape, and with a fringe ol hairs l the free margin of the uropatagium; . Anoura caudifer Distribution .— The species is found from Mexico and the Caribbean to Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Suriname, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Argen¬ tina. Distribution in Argentina (Fig. 22). — According to Cabrera (1930), this species inhabits the subtropical forests of Argentina southward to the Rio de La Plata. He noted that the Museo de Ciencias Naturales de La Plata had a specimen from La Plata and the Museo Argcntino de Ciencias Naturales ‘"Bernardino Rivadavia” in Buenos Aires had specimens from the Capital Federal and from Misiones Province. The spe¬ cies was reported to occur in Resistencia, Chaco (Podtiaguin, 1944), apparently based on data from Dernier Veizel, although Podtiaguin did not provide a reference. Barquez ( 1985) included the species in north¬ western Argentina. He suggested that Cabrera’s (1930) hypothesis of a more southeasterly distribution was not documented sufficiently, since most of the referenced specimens apparently have been lost. However, after an intensive search in the Museo de Ciencias Naturales de La Plata, two specimens (withoutskulls) were found preserved in alcohol and are likely those to which Cabrera referred The specimens from the Museo Argcntino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” in Buenos Aires are still missing. During the early part of this century, the distribution of the 34 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 68° 640 60° 56° 52° Figure 22. Map of the localities of Glossophaga soricina. species may have extended further south along the gal¬ lery forests of coastal rivers. Today this habitat largely has disappeared and the present range of this bat is un¬ known. Description (Figs. 23 and 24).— Body size is small, the forearm ranging from 36 to 37.7 mm in Ar¬ gentine specimens. Specimens from Salta Province are slightly larger than those from Bolivia and other parts of South America, according to measurements given by Miller (191 3a), Husson (1962), and Taddei (1975). The muzzle is elongated, but not as much as Anoura, and the tongue is long and extensible. The nose leaf is small, has a broadened base, and is sharply pointed. The upper lip is smooth and the lower lip has a V-shaped groove bordered by small warts. The ears are short and rounded. The tragus is long compared to the ears, lan¬ ceolate, and pointed; the antitragus is hardly visible. Wing membranes are broad. The plagiopatagium is at¬ tached to the base of the tibia; the propatagium is broad. The uropatagium is well developed and is a useful char¬ acter to distinguish this species from Anoura , which has the uropatagium reduced or absent. The tail is tiny, but visible, and protrudes slightly through the dorsal surface of the uropatagium, which is supported by thin calcars. The fur is dense and soft. Dorsal color of the pelage is brownish (some specimens grayish) and the venter is paler; hairs are bicolored, pale gray basally and darker at the tip; neck hairs are paler. Membranes are, in general, dark, although the dactylopatagium is paler, and the uropatagium is slightly transparent. Feet are small; the thumb is elongated and laterally flattened. The skull is delicate in appearance, with an elon¬ gated rostrum and a globose braincase. The postorbital constriction is indistinct and the rostrum is narrower than the braincase. The basisphenoid pits are deep but only slightly pronounced; the palate extends beyond the last upper molar. A sagittal crest is lacking; lambdoid crests are slightly visible. Tympanic bullae are delicate, scarcely covering one-half of the cochlea. The zygo¬ matic arches are complete but weak. The dental formula is I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/3, M 3/3, total 34. The II and 12 are strongly procumbent, not completely filling the space between the canines, and are wider than long. The 12 is shorter than 11. The space between 12 and the canine is slightly smaller than the width of the incisor. Canines are long and very sharp, with a groove that runs along the length of the internal face; the base is wide and the cingulum is poorly devel¬ oped. The premolars are laterally flattened and appear triangular in lateral view. The PI is slightly smaller than P2 and completely separated from P2 and from the ca¬ nine by a small gap. The P2 also is separated from Ml. In specimens from Bolivia these spaces are not appar¬ ent. The molars have a strong central depression be¬ tween the internal cusps, the “W" 5 pattern, and the pro¬ tocone. The “W” pattern is distorted, mainly by the re¬ duction of the external cusps, parastyle, mesostyle, and metastyle, although these are present. The hypocone is absent. The M3 is smaller and more triangular than the other molars. In lateral view the molars are lower than the premolars. The lower incisors are small, subequal in size, and rounded; when viewed dorsal!y they form a semicircle that does not completely fill the space be¬ tween the canines. The p3 is laterally flattened, subequal in size, and triangular in lateral view. The p3 is sepa¬ rated from the p2 and the ml by a small space on each side. Measurements. — Table 3. Comments .— The biology of G. soricina is re¬ viewed by Alvarez et al. (1991), and there is a good deal of information on the biology of this species in Mexico in Ramirez-Pulido et al. (1993). G. soricina shows less morphological adaptation to nectar feeding than Anoura-, its diet also includes a high proportion of BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 35 Figure 23. Glossophaga soricina: (a) face; (b) nose leaf; (c) tragus; and (d) uropatagium. flowers, fruits, and insects. During the past century it was thought that their food consisted of blood; for ex¬ ample, Gray (1838) called it the “Soricine blood sucker.” Howell (1974) indicated that this species fed on nectar and pollen from April to June, and that in 95% of the cases where insects were found in stomachs or guano, these were the only item present, which led her to pro¬ pose that the insects were taken by active pursuit rather than ingested in association with plant material. Alvarez and Gonzalez Quintero (1970) analyzed the stomach contents of Glossophaga from Mexico and found pol¬ len grains from 34 species of plants. Sazima et al. (1982) noted that this species fed at Luehea speciosa (Tiliaceae) in November in the Brazilian cerrado, and was an ef¬ fective pollinator of that plant. A large quantity of uni¬ dentifiable vegetable matter (primarily flower parts), as well as chitin, insect hairs, and two complete insects of the Order Thysanoptera (Terebrantia) were found in the stomach of the specimen from Salta Province (R. M. Barquez, personal observation). These small (1.0 and 1.5 mm) insects probably had been ingested with flower parts, but the chitinous remains were notably larger than the thysanopterans, which would indicate the capture and chewing of larger prey. Glossophaga soricina generally uses caves, bridges, and culverts as diurnal refuges, but can also be found in houses, tree holes, and abandoned buildings (e.g., Brosset and Charles-Dominique, 1990). The speci¬ men from Salta Province was captured in a mist net placed at the entrance of a cavelike cavity formed by the settling of one of the sides of a bridge over the slope 36 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 24. Skull and teeth of Glossophaga soricirui. Adult male from Abra Grande, 10 km N Oran, Salta Province (CML 1342). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. of a deep natural ravine. The vegetation was degraded subtropical forest. In French Guiana, Brosset and Charles-Dominique (1990) also found this species to prefer degraded habitats, rather than undisturbed rain forest. My Otis nigricans also were found in the refuge. The Glossophaga were trapped on the outer side of the net, which would suggest their use of the refuge as a nocturnal shelter; no Glossophaga were seen in the shel¬ ter during the day. This species, which is very rare in Argentina, may be more common in other parts of its range; for example, Willig (1983) reported groups of more than 2,000 individuals in abandoned buildings in BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 37 Table 3. Measurements o/Glo&sophaga soricina, Anoura caudifer, and Carollia perspiciUata. For a description of the measurements, see the Materials and Methods. Mean, standard deviation , and sample size are followed by range. Variable Glossophaga soricinct Anoura caudifer Carollia perspicillata Total length 77.5 ± 10.54, 2 70.0 - 84.9 59.0 ± 2.57, 5 56.0 - 62.4 65.0, 1 Tail length 7.0 ± 0.14, 2 6.9 - 7.1 4.7 ±0.35,2 4.5 - 5.0 9.0, 1 Hindfoot length 9.4, 1 9.2 ± 0.80, 5 8.0- 10.0 9.0, 1 Ear length 15.9, 1 12.9 ± 2.19, 5 11,0- 15.5 15.0, 1 Forearm length 37.4 ±0.17, 3 38.1 ± 1.24, 5 42.6 ± 1.15, 3 37.2 - 37.5 36.0 - 39.0 42.0 - 44.0 Weight 10.3 ±0.76. 3 9.5 - 1 1.0 10.4 ± 1.72, 3 8.5 - 11.8 Condylobasal length 20.3, 1 22.1 ±0.51, 5 21.7 - 23.0 19.0, 1 Least interorbital breadth 4.6, 1 5.4 ± 0.14, 2 5.3 - 5.5 Zygomatic breadth 9.0, 1 9.9 ±0.42, 2 9.6 - 10.2 Greatest length of skull 21.5, 1 22.9 ±0.52, 5 22.7 - 23.9 21.3 ±0.84, 2 20.7 - 21.9 Postorbital constriction 4.6 ± 0.21,5 4.4 -4.9 5.2 ±0.25, 3 5.0 - 5.5 Breadth of braincase 9.0 ± 0.27, 5 8.8 - 9.4 9.3 ±0,28, 2 9.1 - 9.5 Length of maxillary toothrow 7.3, 1 8.3 ±0.16, 5 8.2 - 8.5 5.4 ± 0.14, 2 5.3 - 5.5 Palatal length 1 1.3, 1 11,8 ± 0.35, 5 1 1.5 - 12.4 Mastoidal breadth 9.2 ±0.14, 2 9.1 -9.3 10.6 ±0.49, 2 10.3 - 11.0 Length of mandibular toothrow 8.9 ±0.21,2 8.8 -9.1 6.9 ±0.28, 2 6.7 - 7.1 Length of mandible 14.3, 1 16.7 ±0.49, 4 16.2 - 17.3 14.1 ±0.63, 2 13.7 - 14.6 C-C (width across canines) 4.1 ±0.19, 5 3.8 -4.3 4.7 ± 0.21, 2 4.6 - 4.9 M-M (width across molars) 5.8 ±0.19, 5 5.7 -6.2 7.6 ±0.21,2 7.5 - 7.8 the Brazilian caatinga. This species is known to be preyed upon by Stygian owls ( Asio stygius) in the cerrado savanna of Brazil (Motta Junior and Taddei, 1992). Specimens Examined (4).— BUENOS AIRES: La Plata, 1 (MLP). JUJUY: Planta Caimancito, Parque Nacional Calilegua, 2 (CML). SALTA: Abra Grande, 10 km N Oran, 1 (CML). Additional Records— BUENOS AIRES: Capi¬ tal Federal (Cabrera, 1930). CHACO: Isla del Cerrito (Pomes and Massoia, 1967); Resistencia (Podtiaguin, 1944). MISIONES: Misiones (Cabrera, 1930); Teyu Cuare (Vaccaro and Massoia, 1988a). 38 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 25. Map of the localities of Anoura caudifer. Genus Anoura Cabrera (1958) treated A. caudifer and A. geoffroyi as congeneric, emphasizing that the difference between them is the presence of a tail in caudifer. This charac¬ ter, however, could not be used in diagnosing the genus since it is so variable that it can be completely absent. Husson (1962) retained caudifer in Lonchoglossa and said that the zygomatic arches are slender, but definitely ossified. Later, Husson (1978) assigned caudifer to Anoura. Tamsitt and Valdivieso (1966) also treated this species as Anoura, mentioning the presence of the zy¬ gomatic arches. T Anoura caudifer (E. Geoffroy St.- Hilaire) Glossophaga caudifer E. Geoffroy St.-Hi la ire, Memoires du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 4:418, 1818. Anoura caudifer : Cabrera, Revista del Museo Argentine de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia," e Institute Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoologicas, 4:74, 1958. Sanborn (1933) considered this species to be in the Genus Lonchoglossa , differentiating it from Anoura primarily by the presence of a tail. He indicated that in Lonchoglossa the zygomatic arch is always present, whereas in Anoura it is generally lacking. Vieira (1942) also recognized Lonchoglossa as a genus in which the zygomatic arches, although weak, are present. In the only specimens known from Argentina, the arches are complete, but weak, and in one of them, from Piquirenda Viejo, they were found to be complete, but upon being cleaned with dermestid beetles, they disappeared. This also happens with the tail, which is clearly visible in living specimens, but absent in most museum skins. Type Locality. — Brazil, Rio de Janeiro. Distribution .— Two subspecies are recognized: A. c. caudifer from Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, Bolivia, and Argentina; and/h c. aequatoris from Peru and Ecuador. Distribution in Argentina (Fig. 25).— Specimens from Salta Province were misidentified as A. geoffroyi by Fornes (1972a), Olrog and Barquez (1979), and Barquez (1984a). Barquez and Olrog (1985) included A. caudifer in Argentina, but considered it the second species of the genus for the country since they were unaware that Fornes (1972a) had misidentified speci¬ mens. Mares et ah (.1989) correctly listed A. caudifer for Salta Province. Only A. caudifer is known for the country (Barquez et ah, 1993). Description (Figs. 26 and 27).— The muzzle is elongated, longer than G. soricina , and the upper bor¬ der at the height of the eyes is notably convex. The BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 39 Figure 26. Anoura caudifer. (a) face; (b) tragus; and (c) uropatagium. Anoura geoffroyi : (d) uropatagium. tongue is long and protractile. The nose leaf is small but well defined (more reduced than in Glossophaga), taller than wide, and attached to the upper lip. The up¬ per lip is smooth, lacking wrinkles or papillae. The lower lip is divided medially by a deep furrow, with two thick callosities on each side. The ears are short, separated, and rounded; the antitragus is absent and the tragus is normal, short, and without crenulations. Pelage is dense and silky, extending along both the dorsal and ventral sides, over pail of the plagiopatagium, propatagium, and one-half of the forearm. The uropatagium is semicircu¬ lar and bordered by a fringe of sparse hairs (in A. geoffroyi it is absent). The calcar is small, slightly shorter than the length of the foot. The thumb is short and thin, and its nail is short. The tail is small, included in the uropatagium, and generally extends to its border. Color is generally dark brown; basally the dorsal hairs are gray and the ventral hairs are unicolored. Areas behind the ears, the back of the neck, and anterior one-half of the back, are paler or, in some specimens, reddish. Mem¬ branes are dark brown to black. The skull is elongated, but the rostrum is less than the length of the braincase and is widened in the area of the canine. Postorbital constriction is insignificant. Zy¬ gomatic arches are thin and the middle portion is fre¬ quently cartilaginous in young individuals; in mature specimens the arches are ossified and complete. A sag¬ ittal crest is absent; a slight lambdoidal crest is present. Tympanic bullae are small. Basisphenoidal pits are present but shallow. The dental formula is 1 2/0, C 1/1, P 3/3, M 3/3, total 32. The II and 12 are small, paired, and separated by a wide space; II is smaller than. 12. Premolars are laterally compressed and increase in size from the first to the third; PI is reduced and separated from the ca¬ nine and P2 by a small space, P2 is separated from PI and P3; and P3 is in contact at its posterior border with 40 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 27. Skull and teeth of Anoura caudifer. (OMNH 18683). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. Ml. All premolars are triangular in lateral view except for PI; the central cusp is elevated and sharp, and the anterior and posterior cusps are smaller. The molars have a strong central depression similar to Glossophaga, al¬ though more laterally compressed. The absence of lower incisors, a diagnostic dental trait, provides a space Adult female from Rio Pescado, Salta Province through which the tongue extends during feeding. Lower premolars are thin; pi is almost in contact with the ca¬ nine, but separated from p2 by a small space. No gaps separate the remaining premolars and molars. The paraconid is much smaller than the rest of the cusps. The coronoid process of the mandible is not well de- BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTIN A 41 veloped, and is about the same height as the mandibu¬ lar condyle. Measurements. — Table 3. Comments. — This species has been suggested to have an asynchronous reproductive cycle (Wilson, 1979). A juvenile captured in Itau, Salta Province in October had deciduous teeth and was just beginning to fly. A second individual from nearby Piquirenda Viejo was slightly more developed in mid-November, but the last molars had not erupted completely. At about the same time, in Rio Pescado, a pregnant female was found with a well-developed fetus. This species may have a long reproductive period in Argentina, with births oc¬ curring from September through November. In French Guiana, Brosset and Charles-Dominique (1990) found colonies that varied from a few to 100 individuals, many being nursing colonies, others being harems, and all in association with Camilla perspicillata and Micronycteris mia 'Otis. Little information on diet is available; specimens we captured had empty stomachs. Gardner (1977c?) re¬ ported this species feeding on fruits, nectar, pollen, and insects. Sazima (1976) captured this species (and A. SUBFAMILY Four species are known, but only one occurs in Argentina, Camilla perspicillata. This species is char¬ acterized by the lack of a zygomatic arch, upper molars Genus Carollia Carollia perspicillata (Linnaeus) Vespertilio perspicillatus Linnaeus, Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum chassis, ordincs, genera, species cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 1:31, 1758. Carollia perspicillata'. Miller, Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 128:53, 1942. Type Locality. — Originally, Linnaeus (1758) in¬ dicated “America” as the type locality. Pine (1972) de¬ tailed the synonymy, mentioning that in 1911, Thomas was informed by Lonnberg that the type specimen of Linne from the Museo Adolphi Friderici had not ex¬ isted for a long time. Consequently, Thomas (191 I) sug¬ geoffroyi) visiting flowers of Bauhinia ruj'a and found that the stomachs contained pollen, and fragments of insects of the orders Thysanoptera, Hymenoptera, Co- leoptera, and Lepidoptera. Only caves, tunnels, and tree holes are known shel¬ ters; in caves they live in association with other species such as A. geofjroyi, A. cultrata , Carollia perspicillata , Carollia sp, 3 and Ptcronotus parnellii (Lemke and Tamsitt, 1979). Brosset and Charles-Dominique (1990) reported it roosting in culverts in French Guiana in as¬ sociation with Carollia perspicillata. One specimen from Rio Pescado was captured almost at ground level in a net located at the side of the Rio Pescado in an open area along with several specimens of Sturnira liliim ; the specimen from 6 km W Piquirenda Viejo was obtained over a stream with calm water along one end of a culvert located under a road in the forest, Specimens Examined (8).- — JUJUY: Arroyo Sauzalito, Parque Nacional Calilegua, 1 (CML). SALTA. Agua Blanca, 5 km W, 1 (MACN); Itau (Campo Largo), Sierras deTartagal, 1600 m, 1 (CML); Parque Nacional Bantu, naciente Arroyo Santelmita, 900 m, 1 (CML), Piquirenda Viejo, 6 km W, 1 (CML); Rio Pescado, 3 (2 MACN, ! OMNH). CAROLLIINAE without W-shaped commissures, and a shortened, rather than elongated, muzzle. gested that “Surinam” be given as the restricted type locality, since the specimen col lected by Seba probably came from that colony, This type locality is now com¬ monly accepted. Carter and Dolan (1978) also discussed the designation of the holotype by Thomas. Distribution. — Widely distributed from southern Mexico to northern Argentina, Two subspecies are cur¬ rently recognized, C. p. perspicillata , over most of the range of the species, and C p. azteca in Central America and adjacent northern South America. Although Pine (1972) revised the Genus Carollia , subspecies desig¬ nations have not been clarified. Most of the characters used to differentiate species in this genus relate to color and banding patterns of the hair, the degree to which the mandibular incisors are hidden by the canines, and the distance between PI and P2. Such traits are highly 42 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 60 ° 56 ° Figure 28. Map of the localities of Carollia perspicillata. variable throughout the range of this species. Specimens from Argentina and Paraguay are difficult to identify, and it is easy to confuse C. perspicillata and C. brevicauda. Pine (1972) summarized the differences be¬ tween the two species. In C. perspicillata , the quantity of hairs on the forearm and phalanges generally is less than in C. brevicauda. However, in the southern por¬ tion of its range, especially in the drainage of the Parana River, the hair in C. perspicillata is long, strongly tri¬ colored, and silky, and the phalanges and forearm are quite hairy. Except for size (C. perspicillata is gener¬ ally larger than C. brevicauda ), C. perspicillata is not readily differentiable from C. brevicauda. Specimens from Paraguay and northeastern Argentina key to C. brevicauda using the characters given by Pine (1972). In these specimens, the cingula of the mandibular ca¬ nines do not totally hide the outer incisors, there is an evident space between the upper premolars, and the upper toothrow is not perfectly straight. Several speci¬ mens from Bolivia also have a mixture of these charac¬ ters. Barquez (1977) identified specimens he collected in Bolivia as C. perspicillata , but Anderson et al. (1982) and Anderson (1997) later indicated that 11 were C. brevicauda. Myers and Wetzel (1983) reported speci¬ mens from Paraguay near Argentine localities cited here, and proposed that the subspecies should be recognized as C. p. tricolor. Thus there is some confusion with re¬ spect to the taxonomy of Carollia at the southern limits of the range of the genus; a taxonomic revision is re¬ quired to clarify the taxon in southern South America. Distribution in Argentina (Fig. 28).— Podtiaguin (1944) mentioned Hemidermaperspicillatum for the lo¬ calities of Puerto Bermejo and Resistencia (Chaco) and Clorinda (Formosa), but did not mention the author, a precise source for the information, a catalog number, or the museum where the specimens were housed. Con¬ sequently, the species is considered probable in the prov¬ inces of Chaco and Formosa. Description (Figs. 29 and 30).— Medium size; length of forearm ranges from 38 to 46 mm (42-44 mm in Argentine specimens). Pelage is soft and dense. Hairs of the dorsum are tricolored, with the base of the hairs having a wide, dark brown band, followed by a lighter band, generally cream colored (ashy in specimens from Paraguay) and with the tips having a narrow band simi¬ lar in color to the basal one The general coloration is like that of the tips, but the overall aspect is streaked. The venter is bicolored, varying in shades of light brown and with hairs having a dark basal band for half their length. In some Paraguayan specimens, hairs of the ven¬ ter are tricolored with an additional very small white band, whereas in Bolivian specimens the hairs are unicolored, light brown or grayish brown. The pelage BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 43 Figure 29. Carolliaperspicillata : (a) face; (b) tragus; (c) uropatagium; and (d) articulation of the forearm and digits. is generally restricted to the body and barely extends over the dorsal and ventral side of the plagiopatagium, over the proximal one-half of the forearm, and over the dorsal distal one-half of the ears. The uropatagium is well developed and the tail small, about 4 mm in length and included in the uropatagium (in a specimen from Ituzaingo the tail measures 9 mm); the calcar is short, less than the length of the foot. Wing membranes are well developed, the plagiopatagium attaching at the height of the knees. The nose leaf is long (about 10 mm) and narrow, the muzzle short, the upper lip is smooth, and lower lip has a large central wart surrounded by five or six smaller ones on each side arranged in a tri¬ angle. The ears are separated, longer than wide, and become narrower toward the tips, which are rounded. The inner surface of the ear has a series of parallel fur¬ rows and the anterior margin is keeled in some speci¬ mens. The tragus is well developed, narrow at the tip, and with a lateral emargination at the base. The braincase is rounded and well developed. The zygomatic arches are incomplete and the sagittal crest is absent or slightly developed. The rostrum is short but inflated at the height of the orbits, producing a pro¬ nounced separation between the braincase and the ros¬ trum. The palate is wide, extends posteriorly like a tube; the pterygoids are short and the hamular processes nearly reach the glenoid fossae. The tympanic bullae are small and the basisphenoidal pits are deep. The dental formula is 2/2, 1/1, 2/2, 3/3, total 32. The II is well developed and slightly procumbent. The 12 is small and variable in shape, generally not com¬ pletely filling the space between the canines. In some specimens, the upper incisors are rounded and small, while in others they increase in size, but rarely reach the height of the cingulum of the canines. The canines are very wide at the base and pointed at the tip with a well-marked concavity on the internal face. PI is in contact with the posterolateral border of the canine, is unicuspidate, and generally in contact with P2. In a number of specimens examined, a space is clearly evi¬ dent; this space is one of the characters used by Pine (1972) to differentiate C. hrevicauda from other Carollia. The “W” pattern of the molars is not pro¬ nounced and the cusps are difficult to identify, although the paracone, metacone, and protocone are visible in Ml and M2, but not in M3, which is reduced and ar¬ ranged perpendicularly to the toothrow. The i 1 and i2 are very small and may or may not be separated; i2 is about one-half the size of i 1 and gen¬ erally hidden by the cingulum of the canines in dorsal view. In juveniles, the incisors are bilobed, although this condition is lost with wear. Premolars are of simi¬ lar size, p 1 is in contact with the posterior border of the cingulum of the canine. The ml and m2 are similar in size and m3 is smaller. The cusps are little differenti¬ ated, although the protoconid and metaconid are in close proximity. 44 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 30. Skull and teeth of Carolhaperspicillata. Adult female from Ituzaingo, Corrientes Province (MACN 16994). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. Measurements .— Table 3. Comments .— This species may be abundant over much of its range, especially in disturbed areas (Brosset and Charles-Dominique, 1990; Charies-Domimque, 1991), but Argentine specimens are scarce. It was first reported in Argentina by Fomes and Massoia (1969). Roosts include bridges, culverts, tree holes, roofs of ru¬ ral dwellings, caves, and crevices (e.g., Marques, 1985). Willig (1983) found it in buildings with Glossophaga soricina. It is colonial or solitary, and forages mainly on fruit, but some authors have reported insects. Sazima (1976) found individuals feeding on nectar of Pass i/lor a mucronata and on the inflorescences of banana, Musa acuminata. Reproduction is summarized by Wilson (1979), who reported a bimodal polyestrous pattern. In BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 45 specimens collected in Bolivia, four females had open vaginas and one was pregnant (one embryo, crown-rump length = 5 mm) at the end of July, although not all bats collected were breeding (R. M. Barquez, personal ob¬ servation). Specimens Examined (8).— CORRIENTES: Iluzaingo, 1 (MACN). M1SIONES: Gobernador Lanusse, .1 (CML); ParqueNacional Iguazu, 1 (MACN); San Ignacio, 5 (MACN). Additional Records. — CHACO: Puerto Bermejo (Podtiaguin, 1944); Resistencia (Pocltiaguin, 1944). FORMOSA: Clorinda (Podtiaguin, 1944). M1SIONES: Arroyo Urugua-i (Massoia et aL, 1987); Cueva Maria Antonia (Fomes et aF, 1969). SUBFAMILY STENODERMATINAE Some authors divide this subfamily into Stumirinae and Stenodermatinae, the former including only the Genus Sturnira\ we follow Jones and Carter (1976) in using the single Subfamily Stenodermatinae (see also Owen, 1987). All species in this subfamily have a short, wide muzzle, lack an external tail, have a poorly developed or missing (Sturnira) uropatagium, and have variable color patterns. Platyrrhinus has a pale mid-dorsal stripe; Pygoderma has conspicuous white spots on the shoulders and a well-developed uropatagium; Sturnira has ochraceous shoulder patches and lacks a uropatagium; Artibeus and Vampyressa have facial stripes, A small but evident calcar (except in Sturnira ), distinguishes this subfamily. KEY TO THE SPECIES 1. White mid-dorsal stripe present. Platyrrhinus lineatus 1'. White mid-dorsal stripe absent. 2 2 (F). Facial stripes prominent. 3 2'. Facial stripes obscure or absent.4 3 (2). Size small, length of forearm < 37 mm; tragus and margins of ear yellowish. Vampyressa pusilla 3'. Size large, length of forearm usually > 70 mm; tragus and margins of ear not yellowish. Artibeus lituratus 4 (2 1 ). Shoulders usually with yellow, brown, orange, or white patches; uropatagium absent but. if present, covered with hairs on the dorsal surface; length of forearm < 50 mm . 5 4'. Patches on shoulders absent; uropatagium naked; length of forearm > 50 mm, but < 70 mm ...6 5 (4). White patch on each shoulder; dorsal surface of uropatagium densely furred; external margin of the ears, tragus, and base of the nose leaf yellowish; a well-defined fold of skin extends from the ventral margin of the nose leaf to the angle of the mouth, appearing like a “double upper lip”; upper toothrows bowed and almost semicircular; 28 teeth. Pvgodenna bilabiatum 5’. Shoulders with cinnamon patches, sometimes not easily visible; uropatagium absent; inner margin of legs and rump densely furred; upper toothrow somewhat bowed but not forming a semicircle; 32 teeth ..7 6 (4’). Length of forearm 62-69 nun; condylobasa! length > 25 mm; facial stripes weak, M3 small but present; M2 about 3.6 mm wide; at present known only for the provinces of the northwest of the country. Artibeus planirostris 46 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 6'. Length of forearm 64-67 mm; condvlobasal length > 27.9 mm; facial stripes weak or absent; M3 absent (present in a low percentage); width of M2 > 4.0 mm; at present known only for the provinces of Misiones and Chaco. Artibeus fimbriatus 7 (5'). Lingual ridge of lower molars not serrated; lower incisors usually bilobed... 8 7. Lingual ridge of lower molars serrated; lower incisors usually trilobed. Sturnira lilium 8 (7). Size large, length of forearm > 44 mm; upper toothrow almost parallel; middle upper incisors ending with a straight margin, sometimes lightly bilobed. Sturnira oporaphilum 8’. Size smaller; length of forearm < 43 mm; upper toothrow slightly curved; middle upper incisors somewhat rounded. Genus Sturnira There are 12 species in this genus in the Neotropics. Literature records for this genus in Argen¬ tina referred to only one species, Sturnira lilium , until analysis of collection material permitted the differen¬ tiation of three forms, S. lilium , S. erythromos, and S. oporaphilum (Barquezet ah, 1993; Mares et ah, 1995). S. lilium is the most common; S. erythromos is appar¬ ently very common; and S. oporaphilum is scarce but widely distributed. The three species are sympatric in northwestern Argentina. S. erythromos and S. oporaphilum previously were known to occur only as far south as Bolivia (Anderson, 1997), where they ap¬ parently are found above the altitudinal limits of S, lilium , with which there is limited overlap. The three species are veiy similar, but can be readily differenti¬ ated morphologically or genetically (e.g., Pacheco and Patterson, 1991). Sturnira erythromos (Tschudi) Ph(llostoma) erythromos Tschudi, Therologie. Untersuchungen uber die Fauna Peruana. Scheitlin und Zollikofer, St. Gallen, Switzerland, p. 64, 1844. Sturnira erythromos : de la Torre, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation,University of Illinois, Champaign, p. 124,1961. This species frequently has been synonymized with S. lilium. However, since de la Torre (1961), most authors have considered it distinct. Type Locality .— Peru. Distribution. — Until the revision by Jones and Carter (1976), this species was known only in Peru from east of the Andes. Koopman (1993) gave its distribu- . Sturnira erythromos tion as extending from Venezuela to Bolivia. Anderson et al. (1982) reported the southern range limits in Bo¬ livia as Tarija Department on the border with Argen¬ tina. Distribution in Argentina (Fig. 31).— Known only for the provinces of Salta, Jujuy, and Tucuman, but ap¬ parently not limited to high elevations as some speci¬ mens have been captured at the limits of subtropical forest and chaco tbornscrub below 500 m. Anderson et al. (1982) reported specimens from localities below 1000 m, but most were collected above 1285 m. Description (Figs. 32, 33a, 34a, and 35a).— This is the smallest species of the genus found in Argentina, with the length of forearm ranging from 38.7 to 43.0 mm (few individuals have measurements larger than the smallest S. lilium). The skull is always smaller than in other Sturnira ; maximum greatest length of skull re¬ corded was 21,4 mm* External appearance is similar to the other species, but the bases of the dorsal hairs and the general coloration of the body are darker. With re¬ spect to color, it can be confused only with S. oporaphilum , but the pelage is paler and the bands of the hairs are only slightly marked or absent. The inten¬ sity of the color of the bands is variable, however. In most of the specimens, the basal one-half is dark brown, followed by an ash gray or whitish band of about 3 mm, and a small tip of dark brown, gray, or almost black, about 1 to 2 mm. In some specimens from Tucuman Province, the terminal color band is not present in many of the hairs so that the general color of the middle band dominates, giving them a paler aspect. In juveniles, the bands of the hair are not readily distinguishable and are generally very dark. All but three specimens (from Playa Larga, Tucuman Province) lacked the ochraceous shoul¬ der. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 47 68 ° 64 ° Figure 31. Map of the localities of Sturnira erythromos. The skull is generally similar to S. I ilium and S, oporaphilum, differing from both by its smaller size. It can be distinguished from S'. lilium by its bilobed lower incisors and the smooth lingual edge of the lower mo¬ lars; in some individuals the incisors are weakly tri- lobed. In these characters this species is more similar to S. oporaphilum (although the body size is smaller). In .S', oporaphilum the upper tooth rows are almost straight, whereas in S. erythromos they are curved. The dental formula is as in S. lilium. Measurements. — Table 4. Comments. — Little is known about the biology of this species in Argentina. It apparently reproduces at the same time as S. lilium. In Playa Larga, Tucuman Province, a male had scrotal testes at the end of Octo¬ ber and a female was near parturition. At the same time in this same locality a female S. lilium was pregnant with a fetus about 3 mm in crown-rump length. In La¬ guna La Brea, Jujuy Province, juveniles with cartilagi¬ nous phalanges were found in the middle of June and, in Serrania de las Pavas, Salta Province, all three spe¬ cies were reproductively active at the end of Novem¬ ber. This species is quite distinct genetically from ei¬ ther S. lilium or S. oporaphilum (Pacheco and Patterson, 1991). 48 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 32. Skull and teeth of Sturnira erythromos. Adult female from Playa Larga, Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307 km 19.7, Tucuman Province (OMNH 18699). Bar 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTIN A 49 Specimens Examined ( 116).— CATAMARCA: Cuestadel Clavillo, 3 km SW La Banderita, 13 (CML). JIJJTJY: Abra de Canas, 1724 m, 1 (CML); Abra de Carlas, app. 30 km NW Calilegua, sobre ruta a Valle Grande, 2 (CM); Aguas Blancas, 14 km H Santa Clara, 9 (OMNH); AguasNegras, Parque Nacional Calilegua, 1 (CML); Arroyo Sauzalito, Parque Nacional Calilegua, 4 (CML); Arroyo Yuto, 13 km SW Yuto, 1 (MD); El Duraznillo, 3000 m, Cerro Calilegua, 5 (CML); El Simbolar, 25 km SW Palma Sola, 1 (CM); Laguna La Brea, 2 (OMNH); On Highway 9 at border with Salta, at campground on the way to El Carmen, 2 (1 IADIZA- CM, 1 OMNH); Yuto, 1 (CML). SALTA; Agua Blanca, 24 km NW, 5 (4 C'M, 1 TTU); Alto Macueta, 2 km N del cruce de Macueta y Campo Lago, 1 (AA); Finca San Lorenzo, Rosario de La Frontera, 1 (TTU); Parque Nacional Baritu, Finca Jakulica, Angosto del Rio Pescado, 650 m, 6 (CML); Parque Nacional Baritu, Las Juntas de Rio Lipeo y Bermejo, 1 (CML); Rio Pescado, I (TTU); Serrania de las Pavas, 3 (1 CML, 2 PI DBA). TUCUMAN: Aguas Chiquitas, El Cadillal, I (CM); Ar¬ royo de las Canas, Horco Molle, 4 (CML); Arroyo El Salton, Reserva Provincial Santa Ana, 1 (CML); Casa de Piedra, Rio Los Sosa, ruta 307, km 24.9, 850 m, 8 (OMNH); Cerro San Javier, 2 (CML); El Naranjal, 1 (TTU); Horco Molle, 15 km W San Miguel deTucurnan, II (CM); Horco Molle, Biological Reserve, 1 (OMNH); Horco Molle, Rio Las Canas. 1 (CML); Las Juntas, 22 km W Choromoro, 1 (OMNH); Las Juntas, 22 km W Choromoro on Hwy 312, 3,500 ft., 1 (CML); Parque Provincial El Cochuna, km 40 sobre ruta 47, 1 (PIDBA); Piedra Tendida, 12 km WNW Burruyacu along Rio Cajon, 2,500 ft., 3 (1 CML, 1 IADIZA-CM, 1 OMNH); Piedra Tendida, 5 km W de Dique El Cajon, 1 (CML); Playa Larga, Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307 km 19.7, 2 (1 OMNH, 1 PIDBA); Quebrada de Lul.es, 11 km SW San Pablo, 3 (CM); Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307, km 24, 1 (CML); Rio Pueblo Viejo, Reserva Provincial La Florida, 10 (CML); San Pedro de Colalao, south of, at km marker 42, on Hwy 364, 4,700 ft, 1 (OMNH); Ticucho, 3 km E, I (CML); Ticucho, entrando por cola del Dique El Cadillal, 1 (OMNH). Figure 33. Frontal view of incisors and canines of: (a) Sturnira erythromos; (b) Slurnira lilium ; and (c) Stumira oporaphilum. 50 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 34. Lateral view of lower toothrows of: (a) Sturmra erythromos ; (b) Sturnira lilium ; and (c) Sturnira oporaphilum. Additional Records. — CATAM ARCA: Cuesta del Clavillo, 5 km S La Banderita (Mares et al,, 1997). TUCUMAN: Biological Reserve at Horco Molle, near residencia (Mares et al., 1995, 1996) (= Horco Molle, Biological Reserve); Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307, km 19.7, camino a Taft del Valle, 750 m (Mares et al., 1996) (= Playa Larga, Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307 km 19.7); Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307, km 23.9, camino a Tafi del Valle, 850 m (Mares et al., 1996) (= Casa de Piedra, Rio Los Sosa, ruta 307, km 24.9, 850 m); Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307, km 24.9, camino a Tafi del Valle, 850 m (Mares et al., 1996) (— Casa de Piedra, Rio Los Sosa, ruta 307, km 24.9, 850 m). Sturnira lilium (E. Geoffroy St.- Hilaire) Phyllostoma lilium E. Geoffroy St.- Hilaire, Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 15:181, 1810. Sturnira lilium'. Gervais, Deuxieme Memoire. Documents zoologiques pour servir a la monographic des Cheiropteres Sud-Americains. Pp. 25-88, in P. Gervais, ed., Mammiferes. In Animaux nouveaux ou Figure 35. Dorsal view of upper toothrows of: (a) Sturnira erythromos', (b) Sturnira lilium ; and (c) Sturnira oporaphilum . rares recueillis pendant P expedition dans les parties centrales de LAmerique du Sud, de Rio de Janeiro a Lima, et de Lima au Para; executee par ordre du gouvemement Franyais pendant les annees 1843 a 1847, sous la direction du comte Francis de Castelnau (F, Castebnau, ed.). P. Bertrand, Paris, 1(2);39, 1855(1856). Type Locality. — Paraguay; restricted to Asuncion by Cabrera (1958) who considered that Geoffroy St.- Hilaire based his original description on data from Azara who collected the majority of his specimens at that lo¬ cality. Additionally, de la Torre (1961) agreed with Cabrera and both indicated that a type specimen does not exist and that the specimen mentioned by Rode (1941) as being housed in the Natural History Museum in Paris seemed to be in error. However, Carter and Dolan (1978) examined the skin and skull of a speci¬ men in that museum (Type Number 195), which was collected by Felix de Azara in Asuncion. They suggested that it was the holotype or syntype used by Geoffroy St.- Hilaire in his original description. Distribution. — Mexico and part of the Caribbean to northern Argentina and Uruguay. Two subspecies are recognized in South America: S. 1. parvidens from Co¬ lombia northward; and S. 1. lilium south of Colombia. Distribution in Argentina (Fig. 36a and 36b).— Restricted to the forests of the northwest and northeast. Two records are doubtful. One was cited by Yepes (1944) for Seclantas, Salta Province, a locality in the Monte Desert, which would not appear to be suitable BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 51 68 ° 64 ° 60 ° 56 ° Figure 36a. Map of the localities of Sturnira lilium. See Figure 36b for localities in the provinces of Jujuy, Salta, and Tucuman. habitat for the species. We were unable to locate this specimen in either the Buenos Aires or La Plata muse¬ ums, where his collections are housed. The second lo¬ cality is Rio Negro, mentioned as doubtful by Cabrera (1958). In the Natural History Museum, London, a specimen of this species whose only locality data is “Patagonia” was examined (R. M. Barquez, personal observation). Although the locality is imprecise, if cor¬ rect, it would indicate an important extension of the distribution of S. lilium. However, we consider the lat¬ ter locality as doubtful since the specimen is part of a group of specimens housed at the Natural History Mu¬ seum, London that are problematical, as they represent what appear to be new, but improbable, localities for several species. The majority of the specimens are in alcohol and lack original numbers. They were sent to London by Dr. Roberto Dabbene from the Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Buenos Aires and their prove¬ nience is difficult to determine. Description (Figs. 33b, 34b, 35b, 37, and 38).— This is a medium-sized Sturnira ; length of the forearm ranges from 39.9 to 49,9 mm. In most individuals a cin¬ namon or yellowish patch is evident on the shoulders, but its presence or absence is highly variable, as is its intensity. Body color is equally variable, juveniles are darker than adults and their hairs are bicolored. The spe¬ cies has three color phases. In the reddish or orange SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 36b. Map of the localities of Sturnira lilium in the provinces of Jujuy, Salta, and Tucuman. phase, the hairs of the dorsum are yellowish for almost gray. The third or pale phase has dorsal hairs that are their entire length, the tips have a reddish cast, and the generally light ash with shades of light gray-brown or venter is a uniform pale orange. In the gray-brown phase, with an orange tint; the venter is light gray. In general, the basal section of the hairs is pale, ash or dirty white, pregnant and lactating females are reddish in color. The the tips dark gray brown, and the venter uniformly pale membranes are dark, almost black in most specimens, BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 53 Figure 37. Sturnira lilium: (a) face; (b) hindquarters; and (c) tragus. but some are paler, generally gray. One of the most im¬ portant characters for identifying this genus is the ab¬ sence of the uropatagium and tail. The hair extends to the proximal one-half of the forearm on both the dorsal and ventral sides, and on the dorsal side of the legs. Hairs are sparsely scattered over the piagiopatagium along the sides of the body, in the border where this membrane attaches to the ankles, and over the ventral surface of the propatagium. The snout is short. Ears are small and widely separated, somewhat triangular in shape, and with the distal one-half of the outer margin straight and the proximal one-half convex; the antitra¬ gus is poorly developed. The tragus is well developed, triangular, becomes thinner toward the tip, and has a small, but well-defined basal concavity. The nose leaf is short, about 8 mm, very' wide at the base, narrower toward the tip, and lanceolate in form. A series of glands borders the basal portion of the nose leaf toward the sides and front of the eyes. The upper lip and the nose leaf are separated by a space. The margin of the lip is bordered by small papillae that vary in number. The lower lip has a group of papillae, with a larger central one surrounded by smaller ones on both sides; their number and location are variable. The calcar is absent. The braincase is inflated and elevated; the length of the rostrum is less than the length of the braincase; zygomatic arches are complete but weakly developed. A sagittal crest is present, but not well developed, par¬ ticularly in females and juveniles. Incisive foramina are very large. The palate projects posteriorly like a tube, with the hamular processes of the pterygoids ending at the level of the glenoid fossa. The caudal spine of the palate is undifferentiated, giving the posterior border of the hard palate the aspect of a continuous, uninter¬ rupted line. Basilar pits are shallow. Tympanic bullae are small, covering only the anterolateral part of the cochlea. The dental formula is I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3, total 32. The upper incisors completely fill the space between the canines; II is about twice the size of 12 and in contact with it at the base; IT barely exceeds the height of the cingulum of the canine. The upper incisors project medially and have a marked concavity, like a furrow, on the anterior surface. Canines are robust, but rela¬ tively short and with a shallow concavity along their internal face. Premolars are simple, with a single cusp and a concavity toward the lingual side; PI is triangu¬ lar in shape when viewed dorsally and is smaller than P2; P2 is square and higher than the other molariform teeth. Ml and M2 have a barely visible paracone and metacone. The other cusps are not evident and produce a longitudinal furrow on the occlusal surface of each molar, the furrow reduced or vestigial m many indi¬ viduals. All molars are square or almost square, and decrease in size from Ml to M3. The protocone of the molars is elongate and forms the inner border of the aforementioned furrow. The 11 and i2 are small, subequal in size, trilobed, and completely fill the space between the canines. The posterior part of the cingulum of the canine is in con¬ tact with pi; pi is larger than p2, the reverse of the upper premolars. The paraconid of ml is low and proc¬ umbent; the metaconid and entoconid are also low but more differentiated, so that when viewed laterally the internal surface of the molars appears serrated (this is not observed in the other two Argentine species). The small paraconid and metaconid of m2 are in close prox- 54 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 38. Skull and teeth of Sturnim lilium. Adult male from Piquirenda Viejo, Salta Province (OMNH 18736). Bar =■ 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. imity; the entoconid is well marked; the protoconid and hypoconid are almost absent. The m3 is small, with less than one-half the occlusal surface of m2, and with the cusps generally undifferentiated. Measurements .— Table 4. Comments .— Most specimens were captured in the lower strata of forests, with many trapped in mist nets at ground level. We have observed them flying in groups along defined routes to feed up to 10 km away from their shelters. Brosset and Charles-Dominique (1990) reported that this species was netted in disturbed BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 55 habitats in French Guiana. This species appears to be uncommon in urban areas in Argentina; however, skulls ofjuvenile and subadults were found in barn owl (Tyto alba) pellets, where the owls were nesting in buildings in downtown Tucuman city (R. M. Barquez, personal observation). Whether or not the owls were foraging in the city, or in forests 20 km away, is unknown. Owls have been shown to capture a wide array of bats in the Neotropics (Motta Junior and Taddei, 1992). Reproductive activity in Argentina is greatest from October to December, with most births occurring at the end of November. Although uncommon, some repro¬ ductive activity occurs throughout the year; a female was found lactating in April (late fall) in the Arroyo Los Noques, Parque Nacional El Rey, Salta Province. In French Guiana, this species was shown to breed from June to August (Brosset and Dubost, 1967). Sturnira liliam feeds primarily on fruit, although they also may feed on pollen and nectar. Specimens Examined (420).— CATAMARCA: Cuesta del Clavdlo, 5 km S La Banderita, 1 (RMB); La Merced, 3 ( 1 MACN, 2 TTU). CHACO: Estancia San Miguel, along Hwy 90, 15 km NW jet. Hwy 90 and Hwy 11, 6 ( 3 CML, 2 IADIZA-CM, 1 OMNH); Resistencia, 1 (MACN). CORRIENTES: Laguna Paiva, B° Las Lomas, 4 (3 CML, 1 OMNH). FORMOSA: Clorinda, 1 (TTU); Estancia Las Mercedes, 1 (TTU); Estero de los Patos, 5 (TTU); Rio Porteho, 5 km S Estancia Santa Catalina, l (CML). JUJUY: Abra de Canas, app. 30 km NW Calilegua, sobre ruta a Valle Grande, 2 (CM); Aguas Blancas, 14 km E Santa Clara, 4 (OMNH); Aguas Negras, Parque Nacional Calilegua, 15 (14 CML. 1 RMB); Arroyo Sauzalito, Parque Nacional Calilegua, 2 (CML); Camino de Comisa, 10 km W Dique La Cienaga, 1 (CML); El Duraznillo, 3000 m, Cerro Calilegua, 1 (CML); El Simbolar, 25 km SW Palma Sola, 5 (CM); Fraile Pintado, 12 km W, sobre Rio Ledesma, 1 (MD); Laguna La Brea, 12 (OMNH); Laguna La Brea, 25 km W Palma Sola, 13 (CML); Vinalito, 2 km al NW, al borde del segundo canal, 1 (MD); Yuto, 3 (AMNH). MISIONES: Aristobulo del Valle, JOkmWby road along Rio Cubapiru, 2 (1 CML, 1 IADIZA-CM); Colonia Martires, 5 (1 MACN, 4 TTU); Gobernador Lanusse, 4 (CML); Iguazu, 56 (MACN); Misiones (no specific locality), 1 (TTU); Misiones, 200 m (no specific locality), 2 (BMNH); Montecarlo, 2 (FMNH); Paraje Paraiso, 16 km SE, sobre ruta 21, 5 (CML); Puerto Piray, Ruta 12, 1 (MACN); San Pedro, 47 km SE, 18 (15 CML, 3 RAO). SALTA: Agua Blanca, 20 km NW, 2 (TTU); Agua Blanca, 24 km NW, 11 (CM); Agua Blanca, 25 km NW, 5 (TTU); Agua Blanca, 5 km W, 4 (3 MACN, 1 TTU); Aguaray, 2 (MACN); Aguas Blancas, 4 (CML); Alto Macueta, 2 km N del cruce de Macueta y Campo Lago, 1 (AA); Arroyo Los Noques, Parque Nacional El Rey, 15 (CM); Finca El Arrazayal, Serrama de las Pavas, 2 (1 CML, 1 OMNH); Ingenio San Martin del Tabacal, 3 (TTU); ltau (Campo Largo), Sierras de Tartagal, 1600 m, 3 (CML); Junta de los Rios Tarija y Bermejo, 4 (CML); Juntas de San Antonio, 17 (CM); Metan, 850 m, 1 (BMNH); Oran, 20 km al NW, 9 (MACN); Parque Nacional Baritu, Finca Jakulica, Angosto del Rio Pescado, 650 m, 1 (CML); Paso de la Cruz, 2 (CML); Piquirenda Viejo, 30 km N Tartagal, 19 (11 CM, 8 OMNH); Piquirenda Viejo, 6 km W, 18 (4 CML, 14 OMNH); Quebrada de Acambuco, 5 km W Dique Itiyuro, 1 (RAO); Rio El Naranjo, 14 km W de Ruta provincial 5, 1 (CML); Rio Pescado, 21 (TTU); Tabacal, 4 (3 MACN, 1 TTU); Tonono, 1 km E sobre Rio Itiyuro, 8 (CML); Unchime, 1 (ROM); Vado de Arrazayal, 20 km NW Aguas Blancas, 6 (CML). SANTA FE: Santa Fe, 1 (MFA). TUCUMAN: Agua Colorada, 11 (9 MACN, 2 TTU); Arroyo El Salton, Reserva Provincial Santa Ana, 1 (CML); Concepcion, 1 (BMNH); Dique San Ignacio, 1 (OMNH); El Cadillal, Estacion de Piscicultura, 1 (OMNH); £1 Naranjal, 1 (TTU); Horco Mode, 15 km W San Miguel de Tucuman, 7 (CM); Horco Mode, 900 m, 2 (CML); Horco Mode, Rio Las Lehas, 2 (CML); Horco Mode, Rio Las Piedras, 25 (CML); Ingenio San Pablo, 1 (MACN); Los Sarmientos, 1 (CML); Parque Provincial El Cochuna, km 40 sobre ruta 47, 4 (CML); Piedra Tendida, 5 km W de Dique El Cajon, 1 (CML); Playa Larga, Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307 km 19.7, 6 (OMNH); Reserva Provincial u Aguas Chiquitas” El Cadillal, 1 (CML); Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307, km 23.9, camino a Tad del Valle, 850 m, 1 (OMNH); Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307, km 24,9, camino a Tad del Valle, 850 m, 2 (OMNH); Rio Pueblo Viejo, Reserva Provincial La Florida, 1 (CML); San Miguel de Tucuman, 1 (BMNH); San Pedro de Colalao, 1 (CML); Tucuman, 1 (FMNH). NO SPECIFIC LOCALITY: Patagonia, 1 (BMNH). Additional Records .— CHACO: Resistencia, margenes del Rio Parana (Romana and Abalos, 1950). ENTRE RIOS: Concordia, 32 km N (Barquez and Lougheed, 1990). FORMOSA: Parque Nacional Rio 56 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Table 4. Measurements of Sturina erythromos, Stumira I ilium, and Stumira oporaphilum. For a de¬ scription of the measurements, see the Materials and Methods. Mean , standard deviation , and. sample size are followed by range. Variable Slurina e/ythromos Stumira lilium Slurnira oporaphilum Total length 55.3 ±3.49, 36 62.1 ±6.31, 110 67.1 ± 13.73,3 50.0- 63.0 50.0 - 90.0 58.5 - 83.0 Hindfoot length 10.9 ± 1.99, 36 11.6 ± 1.41, 104 9.5 ±0.50, 3 S.0- 16.8 8.8 - 15.7 9.0 - 10.0 Ear length 16.8+ 1.36, 35 16.6 + 2.34, 109 17.8 ±0.77, 3 13.0 - 18.7 11.0-20.0 17.0 - 18.5 Forearm length 41.1 ± 1.02, 35 43.5 ± 1.86, |I3 44.7 i 1.15, .3 38.7 - 43.0 39.2 - 49.0 44.0 -46.1 Weight 16.0 + 2.45, 33 21.5 ± 2.62, 71 21.6 ±2.08, 3 12.0-23.0 14.0-28.0 20.0 - 24.0 Condylobasal length 18.7 ±0.46, 35 20.4 ±0.51, 110 20.6 ±0.36, 3 18,0- 19.7 19.5-21.7 20.3 - 21.0 Least interorbital breadth 6.2 ±0.36, 19 6.3 ±0.28,43 6.5 ±0.34, 3 5.4-6.9 5.6-6.9 6.3 - 6.9 Zygomatic breadth 12.6 ± 0.53, 26 13.6 ±0.73, 78 13.8 ±0.55, 3 11.1 - 13.6 10.0 - 14.8 13.5 - 14.5 Greatest length of skull 20.5 ±0.42, 36 22.5 ±0.54, 112 22.6 ±0.60, 3 19.6-21.4 21.0-23.9 22.0 - 23.2 Postorbital constriction 5.8 ±0.18, 35 6.0 ±0.21, 111 6.1 ±0.11,3 5.5 -6.2 5.5 -6.5 6.0-6.2 Breadth of braincase 9.8 ±0.23, 35 10.4 + 0.23, 111 10.4 ±0.25, 3 9.4 - 10.5 9.7 - 1 l.l 10.2 - 10.7 Length of maxillary toothrow 5.7 + 0.21,34 6.5 ±0.23, 108 6.5 ±0.20, 3 5.) -6.2 5.9 - 7.2 6.4-68 Palatal length 8.2 ± 0.38, 35 9.3 ±0.45, 105 9.1 ±0.41,3 7.4-9.4 7.9-11.5 8.8-9.6 Mastoidal breadth 11.3 ±0.23,22 12.1 ± 0.40, 75 11.9 ±0.28, 3 11.0 - 11.9 110 - 12.9 11.8 - 12.3 Length of mandibular toothrow 5.8 ±0 60, 34 6.7 ± 0 69, 107 7.3 ± 0.25, 3 5.0 - 6.9 5.2-8.4 7.1 - 7.6 Length of mandible 13.3 ±0.34, 32 14.8 .1 0.76, 112 14.9 ± 0.45, 3 12.6- 14.2 8.1 - 15.8 14.5 - 15.4 C-C (width across canines) 5.5 ±0.18, 23 6.1 ±0.25, 69 5.8 ±0.45, 3 5.3 -6.0 5.7 - 6.8 5.4 - 6.3 M-M (width across molars) 7.3+0.23, 21 8.0 ±0.30, 68 8.0 ±0.35, 3 6.9 - 8.0 7 1 - 8.7 7.7 - 8,4 Piicomayo (S. Heinonen F. and R. M. Barquez, in lift.). JUJUY: Arroyo La Urbana, 45 km E. y 5,4 km SE San Salvador de Jujuy, 620 m (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Finca El Remate, 24 km SE San Salvador de Jujuy, 740 m (Villa-R. and Villa-C,, 1971). MISIONES: Apostoles (Massoia et al , 1989a); Arroyo Urugua-i (Massoia et al., 1987); Departamento Cainguas (Massoia, 1980); Departamento Capital (Massoia, 1980); Escuela Pro¬ vincial 639, Campo Ramon (Massoia, 1988a); Guarani (Massoia, 1980); Los Helechos, Escuela n° 12 (Massoia et al., 19896). RIO NEGRO: Rio Negro (no specific locality) (Cabrera, 1958). SALTA: Seclantas (Yepes, 1944). TUCUMAN: Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307, km 19.7, camino a Tafi del Valle, 700 m (Mares et al., 1996) (= Playa Larga, Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307 km 19.7); Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307, km 19.7, camino a Tafi del Valle, 750 m (Mares et al., 1996) (= Playa Larga, Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307 km 19.7). BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 57 Figure 39. Map of localities of Starmra oporaphilum. Sturnira oporaphilum (Tschudi) Phiyllostoma) oporaphilum Tschudi, Therologie. Untersuchungen fiber die Fauna Peruana. Scheitlin und Zollikoter, St. Gallen, Switzerland, p. 64, 1844. Sturnira oporaphilum'. de la Torre, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinos, Champaign, p. 112, 1961. Type Locality .— Peru. Distribution. — According to de la Tone (1961), this high-elevation species occurs from southern Peru northward into Central America and Mexico as far north as the state of San Luis Potosf In a study of a large series of specimens from Bolivia and from regions of the northern Andes (Ecuador, Colombia, and western Venezuela), including the types of S. ludovici, S. bogotensis, and S. oporaphilum , Anderson et al. (1982) resolved the confusion over the taxonomy of these spe¬ cies from western South America. They noted that the characters of the specimens from Bolivia are similar to those of the type of S. oporaphilum. Honacki et al, (1982) included this species as a synonym of S. ludovici , but listed records from Bolivia as probably pertaining to S. bogotensis. Koopman (1993) recognized the specific status of S. bogotensis , but mentioned that the correct name was likely S . oporaphilum , citing Anderson et al. (1982). Even though the identity of the different species in northern Bolivia is not completely clear, the specimens from Argentina are identical with those from Bolivia housed in the AMNH and identified as S. oporaphilum. Distribution in Argentina. — Figure 39. Description (Figs. 33c, 34c, 35c, and 40).— Gen¬ erally similar to other species of the genus. Larger than S. erythromos and larger than S. I ilium over most of the latter’s distribution, including Argentina. Length of fore¬ arm ranges from 44 to 46.2 mm in the specimens ex¬ amined. Cinnamon shoulder patches are absent. Unlike S. I ilium, the dorsal hairs appear tricolored, with a wide dark gray or brown basal band followed by a paler one of similar size. The terminal band is narrow and the same color as the basal portion. As in S. erythromos , the lingual margin of the lower molars lacks vertical divisions, and the lower incisors generally are bilobed, although they may be slightly trilobed. The skull is simi¬ lar to S. lilium. The straight upper toothrows uniquely identify this species of Sturnira (they are strongly curved 58 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 40. Skull and teeth of Sturm ra oporaphilum. Adult female from Arroyo Sauza 1 1 to, Parque Nacional Calilegua, Jujuy Province (CML 2932). Bar 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 59 60° 56° Figure 41. Map of the localities of Platyrrhintis lineatus. in the other species). The rostrum is narrower than in other species of the genus and more inflated at the or¬ bits. The anterior margin of the upper incisors is either straight or, in some specimens, slightly bilobed, unlike the other species in which the anterior margin of the incisors is rounded. Measurements. — Table 4. Comments. — The specimen from Tucuman Prov¬ ince was obtained in January and had scrotal testes; a female from Serrania de las Pavas, Salta Province, was lactating in mid-November. Specimens Examined (7).— JUJUY: Arroyo Sauzalito, Parque Nacional Calilegua, 2 (CML); El Monoiito, 1 (CML); Fraile Pintado, 12 km W, sobre Rio Ledesma, 1 (MD); Laguna La Brea, 1 (OMNH). SALTA: Serrania de las Pavas, 1 (OMNH). TUCUM.AN: Casa de Piedra, Rio Los Sosa, ruta 307, km 24.9, 850 m, 1 (OMNH). Additional Records. — TUCUMAN: Piedra Tendida, 12 km W'NW Burruyacu along Rio Cajon, 2,500 ft. (Mares et al., 1996). Genus Platyrrh in us Platyrrhinus lineatus (E. Geoffrey St.- Hilaire) Phyllostoma lineatum E. Geoffroy St.- Hilaire, Annales du Museum d’Histoire Nature lie, Paris, 15:180, 1810. Platyrrhinus lineatus :: Saussure, Revue et Magasin de Zoologie, serie 2, 12:429, 1860. Jones and Carter (1976) considered this species to be monotypic, but Koopman (1976) included Vampyrops (= Platyrrhinus) nigellus as a subspecies of P. lineatus based on cranial similarities. Later, Ander¬ son et al. (1982) listed both subspecies {P. 1. lineatus and P. 1. nigellus) in Bolivia where they do not occur in sympatry, Gardner and Ferrell (1990) clarified the no- 60 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 42, Vampyrops lineatus: (a) face; (b) dorsal view; and (c) tragus. menclatural status of this species. The Argentine sub¬ species is P. 1. lineatus. Type Locality .— Paraguay, Asuncion. Distribution .— This species is found from in northern Colombia, French Guiana and Suriname through Ecuador and central Peru to north-central Bo¬ livia, thence to the Brazilian coast and southward to eastern Paraguay, northeastern Argentina, and northern Uruguay (modified from Koopman, 1993). Distribution in Argentina .— Figure 41. Description (Figs. 42 and 43),— Size is medium, slightly larger than S. Iilium, with the length of the fore¬ arm between 45 and 50 mm. The prominent mid-dorsal stripe is not found in any other Argentine phyllostomid. Only Noctilio has a similar stripe. In Platyrrhinus the stripe is pale colored, generally white, and extends from between the ears to the base of the tail. In some speci¬ mens it is very pale and not clearly evident, but it is always present. Two pairs of facial stripes are normally present. The supraorbital stripe extends from the upper side of the nose leaf to the internal margin of the ear. The suborbital stripe extends from the posterior mar¬ gins of the lips to the ear. The specimens from Chaco Province are light brown, with the tips of the hairs slightly darker, the venter paler, and the hairs unicolored. Specimens from Paraguay, Departamento Paraguari, are slightly grayer and the dorsal line is immaculate white, whereas in those from Chaco Province it is yellowish or cream. The eyes are surrounded by dark, almost black, hairs producing a characteristic eye ring. The tragus is yellow; in French Guiana, Brosset and Charles-Domi- nique (1990) reported the tragus color as pink. The mem¬ branes are very dark brown or black. The hair extends dorsally a little beyond the proximal half of the fore¬ arm, over one-half of the propatagium, over the tibia, and over the uropatagium. Ventrally the hair is distrib¬ uted as on the dorsum, but completely covers the propatagium and slightly more of the forearm and the plagiopatagium. The nose leaf is of medium size, with the basal margin free and surrounded by small glands; it is lanceolate with a widened median keel. The ear has a convex inner margin; the upper half of the exter¬ nal margin is straight and the lower half is convex and ends in a small antitragus that is wider than it is tall. The calcar and uropatagium are reduced; the uropatagium is bordered by a dense fringe of hairs. There is no tail. The skull is robust and, in profile, is elevated in the mid-braiocase, where the sagittal crest is evident; over the rest of its length the sagittal crest is less pro¬ nounced. The rostrum is short, its length little more than one-half of the length of the braincase. Zygomatic arches are well developed, thin, but with a paraorbital process slightly widened on the posterior one-half. The postor¬ bital constriction is wide and almost equals the width of the least interorbital constriction. The palate is nar¬ row anteriorly and widened at the level of the last mo- BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 61 Figure 43. Skull and teeth Platyrrhinus Hneatus. (CMI. 1813). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. lars; its posterior margin is smooth, arched, and with¬ out a caudal spine. The hamular process of the ptery¬ goids is thin. The basisphenoidal pits are shallow and almost indistinguishable. The dental formula is I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3, total 32. The 11 is well developed and more than twice Adult female from Resistencia, Chaco Province the size of 12, which is reduced to a few barely visible simple spicules. The first, upper incisors are separated at the base but in contact at the tips. The 12 is separated from both 11 and the canines, but in specimens from areas other than Argentina can be in contact with them and fill the intervening space. The canines are normal, 62 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY slightly recurved, and sharply pointed, The PI is small, slightly more than one-half the size of P2, and with its anteriormost point extending over the posterior projec¬ tion of the cingulum of the canine. The P2 is separated from PI by a small but visible space; the paracone is well developed and the mesostyle is low, giving the ap¬ pearance of a spicule in the posterior labial region of the premolar. The Ml and M2 are well developed; M3 is reduced. The cusps of Ml and M2 are laterally com¬ pressed, giving the appearance of a cutting blade di¬ vided into two lobes (one anterior and the other poste¬ rior) whose points correspond, respectively, to the parastyle and metastyle. The protocone and the hypo- cone are greatly reduced. The i t and i2 are small and slightly bilobed; a small space separates the first lower incisors; i2 is in contact with the lower border of the cingulum of the canine. The canines are normal. The pi is smaller than p2. The ml and m2 are very low crowned. The anterior edge of ml is pointed, with the cusps of the trigomd grouped together; posteriorly, only the entoconid is visible. The anterior margin of m2 is straight due to the alignment of the protoconid and meta- conid and the position of the entoconid on the lingual side of the posterior margin of the molar. The m3 is greatly reduced and lacks differentiated cusps. Measurements. — Table 5. Comments. — Although the diet of P. lineatus in¬ cludes primarily fruit, Ruschi (1953) found moths of the Family Sphingidae in stomachs. Sazirna (1976) ob¬ served this species feeding on nectar of the flowers of Musa acuminata and Lafoensia pacari. Willig (1983) noted a strong tendency to feed on the fruit of Vismia. Males often maintain small harems of 7 to 15 females, and each harem occupies a different roost (Willig, 1983), Little is known about reproduction. Gonzalez and Vallejo (1980) found pregnant females in early Febru¬ ary and late March (the latter with two near-term fe¬ tuses). Brosset and Charles-Dominique (1990) noted that this species is rare; it is known from Suriname and French Guiana from only a single specimen in each country. It was first reported for Argentina in 1966 (Fomes and Massoia, 1966). Specimens Examined (11).—CHACO: Resistencia, 5 (1 CML, 3 MACN, l TCWC). CORRIENTES: Laguna Paiva, B° Las Lomas, 2 (1 CML, 1 OMNH). MISIONES: Colonia Martires, 1 (MACN); Posadas, 3 (MACN). Additional Records. — FORMOSA: Parque Nacional Rio Pilcomayo (S. Heinonen F. and R. M. Barquez, in litt.). MISIONES: Arroyo Zaiman (Massoia, 1980); Departamento Capital (Massoia, 1980). Genus Vampyressa Vampyressa pusilla (Wagner) Phyllostomapusillum Wagner, Abhandlungen der Mathem.-physikaliscchen Classe der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mtienchen, 5:173, 1843. Vampyressa pusilla : Miller, Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 57:156, 1907. Type Locality. — Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Sapitiba. Distribution. — The genus contains five species in South America (Koopman, 1993), only one of which, V pusilla , is found in Argentina. This species occurs (modified from Koopman, 1993) from southern Mexico to Bolivia and northeastern Argentina. Distribution in Argentina (Fig. 44).— In Argen¬ tina, this species is known only from a single specimen from the province of Misiones. Description (Figs. 45 and 46).— Body size is me¬ dium. Dorsal coloration is pale brown, and the dorsal hairs are tricolored, with a medium band that is paler than the bases and or the tips. The ventral hairs are a unicolored light brown. The most distinctive features of this species are the white facial stripes, and the bright yellow color on the tragus and on the borders of the ears. There is no mid-dorsal stripe. The uropatagium is narrow, and the calcars are very short. The dental, formula is I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 2/2, total 28. The upper incisors are well separated from one another. II is more than twice as large as 12. The cut¬ ting edges of 11 are not bifid in the specimen examined. The canine is of normal shape, with the cingulum well developed posteriorly and almost in contact with the anterior surface of PI. The PI has a single cusp and is about one-half the size of the P2. P2 is separated from both PI and M2 by diastemas; P2 has two cusps—a well-developed and high paracone, and a lower mesostyle. The labial cusps of the upper molars are el¬ evated forming a cutting edge; the lingual cusps are less developed, but extend labially to form a platform. Lower BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 63 60° 56° Figure 44. Map of the localities of Vampyressa pusilla. incisors are subequal in size, are clearly bifid, and com¬ pletely fill the space between the canines. The pi is smaller than the p2, and both have only one cusp. The ml has a well-developed protoconid and hypoconid. In m2, the paraconid and entoconid are better developed than are the labial cusps. The skull is fairly elongate, with the rostrum short in comparison with the braincase. The sagittal crest is reduced, and is barely visible at the mid-point between the orbits. Measurements. — Table 5. Comments.- - Since only one specimen has been captured, little is known of the biology of this species in Argentina, The specimen, a male with testes measur¬ ing 3X4 mm, was captured over a stream in rain forest habitat in the summer month of December (Mares et ah, 1995). Interestingly, Brosset and Charles-Domin- ique (1990) also captured the first specimens of this species for French Guiana, and these were taken in both undisturbed and experimentally disturbed rain forest. Handley (1976) reported information on habitat and other aspects of the biology of this species in Venezu¬ ela, and its biology across its geographic range was re¬ viewed by Lewis and Wilson (1987). Specimens Examined (1).— MISIONES: Jet. Hwy 21 and Arroyo Oveja Negra, approx. 2 km W Parque Provincial Mocona, 1 (CML). Figure 45. Face of Vampyressa pusilla. Genus Artibeus Three species of this genus occur in Argentina: Artibeusplanirostris in the Northwest, and A.jimhriatus and A. lituratus in the Northeast. A planirostris from Argentina has been treated previously both as A. jamaicensis and A. lituratus. We follow Barquez et al. (1993) in including A. fimbriatus in Argentina. The specimens of A. fimbriatus are coincident in their char¬ acters those listed by Myers and Wetzel (1983) as “cf. fimbriatus with others deposited in the USNM, and with specimens at the BMNH that are identified as the “probable” type and paratypes of A. fimbriatus. The taxonomy of the South American species in this genus is complicated and unresolved (Andersen, 1908; Davis, 1970, 1984; Handley, 1987, 1989, 1991; Jones and Carter, 1979; Patterson et ah, 1992). Little is known about individual and population variation of the different species. For example, the validity of some char¬ acters, such as the presence or absence of the small M3, are questionable. Myers and Wetzel (1979) indicated that it is easy to distinguish A. jamaicensis from Para¬ guay from/h lituratus and A. sp. (probably fimbriatus) based on its smaller size and the presence of M3; the latter two species have only two upper molars on each side. In A. jamaicensis from Bolivia, the M3 is present or absent, while in A. lituratus it is always absent, and in A. planirostris it is always present (Anderson et ah, 1982). In A. planirostris the M3 is generally present. 64 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 46. SkulJ and teeth of Vampyressapustlla. Adult male from Jet. Hwy 21 and Arroyo Oveja Negra, approx. 2 km W Parque Provincial Mocona, Misiones Province (CML 3209). BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 65 Table 5. Measurements q/'Platyrrhmus lineatus, Vampyressa pusilla, and Pygodcrma bilabiatum. For a description of the measurements, see the Materials and Methods. Mean, standard deviation, and sample size are followed by range. Variable Platyrrhinus lineatus Vampyressa pusilla Pygoderma bilabiatum Total length 75.2 ±6.87, 5 63.0 - 79.0 55.0, 1 68.2 ± 10.69, 19 53.0 - 84.0 Hindfoot length 11.2 ± 2.34, 5 8.0 - 14.2 17.0, 1 10.2 ± 2.77, 22 6.0 - 13.9 Ear length 16.2 ±2.44, 5 13.0 - 19.0 9.0, 1 17.7 ± 2.23, 21 15.0-21.5 Forearm length 47.1 ± 1.63, 6 45.8 - 50.0 34.5, 1 40.2 ± 1.73, 24 36.0 - 44.2 Weight 27.8 ± 3.25, 3 24.5 - 31.0 15.0, 1 20.4 ±2.61,8 18.0 - 26.0 Condylobasal length 22.8 ± 0.28, 3 22.7 - 23.2 18.9, 1 18.0 ± 0.49, 13 17.1 - 19.0 Least interorbital breadth 5.5, 1 7.3 ± 0.37, 14 6.4 - 8.0 Zygomatic breadth 14.5 ±0.40, 3 14.2 - 15,0 12.1, 1 14.1 ±0.48, 10 13.3 - 14.7 Greatest length of skull 25.4 ±0.30, 3 25.2 - 25.8 20.2, 1 20.5 ± 0.60, 14 19.3 -21.7 Postorbital constriction 6.3 ±0.11,3 6.2 - 6.4 7.7 ± 0.18, 20 7.4 - 8.0 Breadth of braincase 10.8 ±0.00, 3 10.8 - 10.8 9.1, 1 10.4 ±0.12, 14 10.3 - 10.7 Length of maxillary toothrow 9.1 ±0.30, 3 8.8 -9.4 6.5, 1 6.0 ±0.17, 20 5.5 -6.3 Palatal length 11.7 ± 0.75, 3 11.0 - 12.5 9.1, 1 6.5 ± 0.27, 18 6.0 - 7.1 Mastoidal breadth 12.6 ± 0.10, 3 12.5 - 12.7 9.3, 1 12.4 ± 0.33, 13 12.0 - 13.0 Length of mandibular toothrow 8.5 ±0.15, 3 8.4 - 8.7 7.4, 1 4.6 ± 0.48, 18 4.3 - 6.5 Length of mandible 17.2 ± 0.4 1, 3 16.8 - 17.6 13.2, 1 12.7 ± 0.30, 20 12.1 - 13.5 C-C (width across canines) 6.3 ±0.11, 3 6.3 -6.5 5.2, 1 6.4 ±0.21, 17 6.1 - 6.8 M-M (width across molars) 10.5 ± 0.05, 3 10.5 - 10.6 8.5, 1 7.8 ± 0.50, 20 6.4 - 8.5 but can be absent, whereas in A. lituratus it is always absent (R. M. Rarquez, personal observation). Obvi¬ ously this character varies in two of the species. Al¬ though there is a trend toward the presence or absence of M3 in each of these species, the alternative state should not be a sufficient reason to treat a specimen as belonging to a different species. Consider, for example, A.fimbriatus from Paraguay and Argentina. In all speci¬ mens examined, the small M3 is lacking, whereas in the skull of the paratype from the BMNH it is clearly evident. The presence or absence of this molar should always be used with additional characters in identifica¬ tion. 66 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 60° 56° 24° 28° 0 100 200 I I I 400 km I Figure 47. Map of the localities of Artibeus fimbriatus. Artibeus fimbriatus Gray Artibeus fimbriatus Gray, Magazine of Zoology and Botany, 2:487, 1838. This species is known from the provinces of Chaco, Formosa, and Misiones, occurring within the range of A. lituratus. The decision to assign these speci¬ mens to A. fimbriatus was based on comparisons with the “probable’' type and paratypes from the BMNH, as cataloged by J. E. Hill, and on conversations with C. O. Handley, Jr., regarding the identity of the species in South America. Flandley (1989) redescrtbed and com¬ mented on the taxonomy of this species. Type Locality. — Brazil, in accordance with the original citation but without further data. The labels of the specimens from the BMNH do not have the local¬ ity, but see Handley (1989). Distribution. — Brazil and Paraguay (Myers and Wetzel, 1979, 1983; Handley, 1989). Distribution in Argentina. — Figure 47. Description (Fig. 48).— Characters are similar to those of A. lituratus , but it can be distinguished by poorly marked or absent facial stripes, a smaller (< 67 mm) forearm (> 70 mm in A. lituratus ), and a uropatagium and feet that are not covered by hairs on the dorsal side. Color is generally darker than A. lituratus , but some specimens can be similarly colored. The specimen from Parque Nacional Iguazii is almost black and the bases of the dorsal hairs are dark gray. The dental formula is 12/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 2-3/3, total 30-32. The skull is similar in size to that of A. lituratus ; unlike A. lituratus , the orbital processes are usually absent or weakly developed and the width of the interorbital is greater. In general, the skull is very 7 similar to A. planirostris from northwestern Argentina, but in A. fimbriatus the width of M2 is greater than 4.0 mm, whereas in A. planirostris it is less than 3.6 mm. Despite the variability of this character, M3 is absent in BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 67 a Figure 48. Skull of Artibeus jimbriaius. Drawn from an adult male from Dos de Mayo, Misiones Province (CML). all specimens of A. Jimbriaius examined from Paraguay and Argentina, whereas it is present in all but one of the A. planirostris examined. Measurements ,— Table 6. Comments. — Little is known about the biology of this species. Specimens Examined (8).— CHACO: General Vedia, 1 (MACN). MISIONES, Dos de Mayo, 5 (CML); Parque Nacional Iguazu, 1 (CML); Parque Nacional Iguazu, palmita! en ruta 107, 1 (CML). Additional Records. — FORMOSA: Parque Nacional Rio Pilcornayo (S. Heinonen F. and R. M. Barquez, in litt.). Artibeus lituratus (Olfers) Phyllostomus lituratus Olfers, Bemerkungen zu Illiger’s Ueberblick der Saugethiere naeh ihrer Vertheilung uber die Welttheile, rucksichtlich der Siidamerikanischen Arten (species) (Abhandlung 10 of Wilhelm Ludig Eschwege’s Journal von Brasilien..., vol. 15, heft 2 of the “Neue Bibliothek des wichtigsten Reisenbeschreibungen zur Erweiterung der Erd und Volkerkunde...” edited by F. T. Bertuch, Weimar, p. 224, 1818. Artibeus lituratus'. Thomas, Annali di Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, ser. 2, 20:547, 1900. Type Locality .— Paraguay, Asuncion. Distribution .— Artibeus /. lituratus occurs in southeastern Peru, Bolivia, southern Brazil, Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina. Distribution in Argentina (Fig. 49).— All previ¬ ous citations of this species in northwestern Argentina are incorrect. The records of A. lituratus of Fomes and Massoia (1967) for Chaco Province and Barquez (1984a) for Dos de Mayo, Misiones Province, corre¬ spond to A. fimbriatus. Description (Figs. 50 and 5 1).— Size is large and, along with Chrotopterus auritus, Noctiho leporinus , Eumops perotis, and Eumops dabbenei, this is one of the largest bats in Argentina. The length of the forearm generally is greater than 70 mm. The pelage is soft and long, dorsally dark gray or dark brown with reddish tints; bases of the hairs are generally lighter than the tips. Ventrally, the hairs are generally unicolored and the same shade as the tips of the dorsal hairs, but in most specimens they have strong reddish hues. Dorsally, the pelage extends to the sides of the plagiopatagium, over more than half of the forearm, over more than one-half of the uropatagium, and over the legs and toes. Ventral distribution of hairs is similar to the dorsum, but it also extends over the propatagium, although the hairs are fine and sparse; the propatagium is practically naked on the dorsal side; a fine fringe of hairs borders the uropatagium and a tuft is located at the base of the thumb. The pronounced facial stripes that characterize this species distinguish it from the other two species of Artibeus. The nose leaf is wide and well developed, its basal margins free; a series of glands give the rostrum an inflated appearance. The lower lip has a large cen¬ tral wait surrounded by a variable number of smaller warts; generally, a small wart is located below the cen¬ tral one, from which a series of six to eight papillae extend from the lip to the side of the mouth; above the 68 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 60° 56° Figure 49. Map of the localities of Artibeus literatus. central wart at each side is a smaller and rounded pa¬ pilla. The upper lip also is bordered by small papillae, which become smaller from the center toward the cor¬ ners of the mouth; they are not grouped as on the lower lip. Ears are shorter than the head and rounded, their external upper margin is straight and the inferior mar¬ gin is convex. Internally, the ears have parallel furrows which vary in number; the tragus is well developed with crenulations on its external margin and an almost square basal lobule. In most specimens the tip of the tragus is strongly yellow. The tail is absent. The feet are well developed and the claws long and curved; the calcar is slightly shorter than the length of the foot with the claws. Wing membranes are very wide and their tips are white or cream colored; the plagiopatagium is united to the foot at the metatarsus. The skull is rounded, wide, and flattened, and the rostrum is shorter than the braincase. Supraorbital ridges are strongly developed with pre- and postorbital pro¬ cesses evident; generally the postorbital process ends in a very sharp point, especially in males, whereas the preorbital process is not always so pronounced. The pos¬ torbital constriction is narrow compared to other Artibeus , such that the braincase becomes narrower to¬ ward the orbits. In lateral view, the braincase becomes abruptly elevated at the level of the postorbital process. The zygomatic arches are heavy, laterally compressed, and slightly arched; they have well-defined postorbital processes, such that in lateral view each arch has a me¬ dial constriction. The sagittal crest is present and is gen¬ erally more prominent in adults, especially males. The palate is wide and has a posterior tubular prolongation; the border of the palate is semicircular and the caudal spine of the palatine is absent; hamular processes of the pterygoids are short, but extend to meet the internal margin of the glenoid fossa. Post-tympanic and paraoccipital processes are well developed and the tym¬ panic bullae are small. The dental formula is I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 2/3, total 30. The inner upper incisors are ovoid, their cut¬ ting edges bilobed and in contact with one another at the tip. The 12 is bladelike and barely extends to the BARQUEZ ETAL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 69 Figure 50. Artibeus lituratus'. (a) face; (b) tragus; and (c) uropatagium. cingulum of the canine. The upper incisors completely fill the space between the canines. The canines are gen¬ erally not distinctive, although there is a small canaJ on the internal face between two crests. The PI is about one-half as high as the canine; the posterior border of PI is sharp and the tooth is about one-half the size of P2; the mesostyle is small and barely visible as a low cusp oriented toward the labial side of the toothrow and in contact with the anterior margin of P2. The P2 is much like PI, but has an internal platform (talon) sup¬ porting a small protocone on its anterolingual margin. Viewed from above, the M1 is triangular and positioned with its base toward the labial side and its tip toward the lingual side; it is wider than long, with the talon expanded over the bony palate; the paracone and meta¬ cone are the main cusps and the former is higher; the protocone and hypocone are well developed, the former positioned in the anterolinguai margin of the talon, and the latter also located on this margin, but lower. Sev¬ eral specimens have a series of wrinkles and folds on the platform between the external and internal cusps. The M2 is smaller than Ml and, although it has the same cusps, they are less developed and its shape is ovoid. Both il and i2 are small, subequal in size, and fill the space between the canines completely; they may be bilobed, but this is variable. Canines are well devel¬ oped, but the cingulum is hardly visible. The pi is small, triangular in lateral view, and has only one well-devel¬ oped cusp (protoconid). The p2 is much higher than the other molariform teeth, and its anterolinguai margin has a small paraconid and a well-developed protoconid; a small hypoconid is present toward the external margin and almost in contact with the anterior extreme of ml. The ml is longer than wide, with its anterior margin rounded and its posterior almost straight, the protoconid and hypoconid are clearly visible, the first larger than the second; a well-developed anterior metaconid and a low entoconid are aligned on the lingual margin. The m2 is smaller, almost square; the entoconid is displaced lingually forming a circular border that continues pos¬ teriorly; the hypoconid is almost absent; metaconid and entoconid are well developed; an apparent paraconid is located between the protoconid and metaconid. The m3 is small and rounded, with poorly differentiated cusps. Measurements .— Table 6. CommentsArtibeus lituratus inhabits the east¬ ern forests, taking shelter principally in the foliage of tall trees, but also in caves and rock fissures. In French Guiana, Brosset and Charles-Dominique (1990) also found this species to be common in forested habitats. Its diet consists mainly of fruit, but also includes other plant parts, such as leaves and flowers; some authors have reported insects (Gardner, 1 911a). At least 67 dif¬ ferent species of plants have been identified in the stom¬ achs of this species throughout its distribution (Gardner, 1977a). The stomachs of various specimens contained unidentified fruit and seeds (R. M. Barquez, personal observation). In Iguazu, Misiones Province, this spe¬ cies feeds not only on wild fruits, but also on cultivated fruits, such as bananas and mangoes (Crespo, 1982). Brosset and Charles-Dominique (1990) reported this species feeding in Hocks on large fruit trees. 70 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 51. Skull and teeth of Artibeus literatus. Adult male from Paraje Paraiso, Misiones Province (CML 2172). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. Wilson (1979) summarized what is known about reproduction. He noted that it can reproduce all year, although in the northern part of its distribution only one young is produced yearly, whereas towards the south reproductive activity is less protracted. Crespo (1982) observed reproductive activity in Parque Nacional Iguazu between September and February, and pregnant females were found between November and February; he also noted that males were captured more frequently than females. Specimens Examined (45).— CORRIENTES: Estancia Puesto Valle, 25 km E Ituzaingo, 1 (AMNH), FORMOSA: Bouvier, 1 (ROM). MISIONES: Cataratas del Iguazu, 1 (MPB); Colonia Martires, 3 (MACN); Dos de Mayo, 2 (1 CEM, 1 CML); Estancia San Jorge, 3 (MACN); Gobernador Lanusse, 2 (CML); Iguazu, 18 BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 71 Table 6. Measurements of Artibeus fimbriatus, Artibeus lituratus, and Artibeus plariirostris. For a description of the measurements , see the Materials and Methods, Mean , standard deviation, and sample size are followed by range. Variable Artibeus fimbriatus Artibeus lituratus Artibeus plamrostris Total length 86.0 ± 5.47, 5 94.1 ± 17 03,6 87.8 ±8.63, 40 80.0 -90.0 75.0 - 120.0 75.0- 110.0 Hindfoot length 16.0, I 16.5 ± 1 93, 6 14.0 - 18.8 16.6 ± 3.36, 40 12.0-25.7 Ear length 21.5 ± 2.82, 5 22.3 ± 1.61, 6 21.9 ±3.26, 40 18.5 - 25.0 20.0 - 24.3 15.0-26.3 Forearm length 66,1 ± 1.14, 6 71.4 ± 1.66, 13 65.7 ±1.89, 43 64.0 - 67.2 68.0 - 74.0 62.0 - 69.0 Weight 56.5, 1 76.6 ± 10.69, 3 70.0 - 89.0 52.3 ±6.67, 36 39.0- 69.0 Condylobasal length 28.4 ±0.34, 5 28.1 ± 0.58, 13 27.2 ±0.66, 33 27.9- 28,7 27.0 - 28,9 26.0- 28.8 Least interorbital breadth 8.3 + 0.48, 5 7.7 ±0.34, 8 8.5 ± 0.44, 12 7.8-89 7.1 - 8.1 7.8-9.1 Zygomatic breadth 18 9 ±0.38, 6 19.1 ±0.36, 13 19.1 ±0.64, 34 18.5 - 19.6 18.3 - 19.7 17.7-20.4 Greatest length of skull 31.2 ±0.51, 5 31.6 ±0.61, 13 30.2 ±0.68, 36 30.7 - 31.8 30.3 - 33.0 29.0 - 32.0 Postorbital constriction 7.3 ±0.24, 6 6.6 ±0.25, 13 7.4 ± 0.26, 36 7.1 -7.7 6.4 -7.2 6.9 - 7.9 Breadth of braincase 13.3 ± 0.43, 5 13.7 ±0.49, 13 13.5 ±0.38, 35 13.0- 14.1 13.2 - 15.0 12.4- 14.2 Length of maxillary toothrow 11.3 ± 0.28, 6 11.0 ±0.26, 12 11.0 ±0.31, 34 10.9- 11.7 10.6- 11.5 10.5 - 11.7 Palatal length 15.4 ±0.20, 6 14.9 ±0.57, 13 14.4 ±0.44, 36 15.2 - 15.8 14.1 - 15.7 13.7- 15.2 Mastoidal breadth 16.8 ±0.46, 5 16.6 ± 0.43, 13 16.3 ±0.50, 34 16.2- 17.5 16.0 - 17.5 15.5 - 17.4 Length of mandibular toothrow 10.8 ±0.25, 5 10.5 ± 0.33, 12 10,8 ± 1.04,35 10.5 - 11.1 9.7 - 10.9 9.6 - 12.9 Length of mandible 21,9 ±0.41,6 21.9 ±0,45, 13 21.2 ± 0.53, 36 21.4-22.5 21.0 - 22.5 20.2 - 22.5 C-C (width across canines) 8.9 ±0.28, 4 8.9 ±0.22, 12 8.9 ±0.32, 35 8.6-9.3 8.5 -9.3 8.2 - 9.6 M-M (width across molars) 14.0 ± 0.33, 5 13.3 ±0.36, 12 12.9 ±0.35, 33 13.6- 14.4 12.6- 13.9 12.2- 13.6 (MACN); Jet. Hwy 2 and Arroyo Paraiso, 3 (1 CML, 1 IADIZA-CM, 1 OMNH); Jet Hwy 21 and Anoyo Oveja Negra, approx. 2 km W Parque Provincial Mocona, 6 (4 CML, 2 IADIZA-CM); Paraje Paraiso, 16 km SE, 1 (CML); Parque Naeional Iguazu, 2 (MACN); San Pedro, 47 km SE, 2 (CML). (Massoia et al., 1987); Departamento Cainguas (Massoia, 1980); Departamento Candelaria (Massoia, 1980); Departamento Capital (Massoia, 1980); Departamento Guarani (Massoia, 1980). Additional Records. — CORRIENTES: Ita Ibate (Lord et al., 1973). MISIONES: Arroyo Urugua-i 72 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 52. Map of the localities of Anibeus planirostris. Artibeusplanirostris (Spix) Phyllostomci planirostre Spix, Simiarum et Vespert.ilionum Brasiliensium species novae ou histoire naturelle des especies nouvelles de singes et de chauve- souris observees et recueillies pendant le voyage dans Finterieur du Bresil execute par ordre de S. M. le Roi de Baviere dans les annees 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820. Francisci Seraphici Hubschmanni, Monachii, p. 66, 1823. Artibeus planirostris : Dobson, Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the Collection of the British Museum, Brit¬ ish Museum (Natural History), London, p. 515, 1878. Type Locality. — Brazil, Bahia, Salvador. Oirog (1979) reported A.jamaicensis Hercules in Cerro Calilegua, Jujuy Province. This subspecies was grouped with A. planirostris and associated with A. fallax (Koopman, 1978). The taxonomic situation of the A. lituratus-jamaicensis-planirostris species complex is complicated in northern Argentina (Handley, 1989, 1991). Until further study, we recognize specimens from the Northwest as A. planirostris. The following sub¬ species occurs in Argentina. Artibeus planirostris fallax Peters Artibeus fallax Peters, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, p. 355, 1865. Artibeus planirostris fallax'. Andersen, Proceed¬ ings of the Zoological Society of London, 1908:242, 1908. Type Locality. — Surinam, Dieperink. Distribution. — Southern Venezuela and the Guianas to northern Argentina (Koopman, 1993). Distribution in Argentina. — Figure 52. Description (Figs. 53 and 54).— Size is large, but slightly smaller than A. lituratus. Length of the forearm ranges from 62 to 69 mm. The pelage is soft and dense. Dorsal color is grayish brown; the basal band is wide and pale, and the tips are dark; some hairs have ashy or white frosted tips. The venter is light brown and most hairs are unicolored, but frosted tips more common than on the dorsum. The facial stripes are only slightly evi¬ dent or absent in many specimens. Hair is scarce over the uropatagium, legs, and toes. Wing tips have a white spot. Other characteristics are similar toH. lituratus. BARQUEZETAL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 73 Figure 53. Artibeusplanirostris : (a) face; (b) tragus; and (c) uropatagium. The skull is similar to A. lituratus but less robust, the postorbital constriction is wide, and the postorbital processes are not as distinct. The dental formula is 2/2, 1/1, 2/2, 2-3/3, total 30-32. Dentition is similar to that of A. lituratus ; M3 is minute, but is usually present. Measurements .— Table 6. Comments .— Little is known about the biology of this species in Argentina. Our data show that it is common, but not abundant, and inhabits the forests of northwestern Argentina as far south as Tucuman Prov¬ ince, where it is rare. Reproductive data are scarce. Males have been captured with scrotal testes in the middle of October in Aguas Chiquitas, Tucuman Prov¬ ince. Specimens collected in the middle of May in Piquirenda Viejo, Salta Province, and at the end of June in Laguna La Brea, Jujuy Province, were not reproduc¬ tively active. Individuals were reproductively active at the middle of November in Serrania de las Pavas, Salta Province. Specimens Examined (135).— JLLIUY: Abra de Cahas, El Monolito, 1700 m, 1 (CML); Aguas Negras, Parque Nacional Calilegua, 1 (CML); Calilegua, 1 (FCM); Camino de Cornisa, 10 km W Dique La Cienaga, 1 (CML); Laguna La Brea, 3 (1 MD, 2 OMNH); Laguna La Brea, 25 km W Palma Sola, 9 (CML); On Highway 9 at border with Salta, at camp¬ ground on the way to El Carmen, 3 (1 IADIZA-CM, 2 OMNH); Rio de Zora y cruce con ruta 34, 1 (CML); Yuto, 4 (3 AMNH, 1 CML). SALTA: Abra Grande, 1 (OMNH); Aguas Blancas, 2 (CML); Arroyo Los Noques, Parque Nacional El Rey, 1 (CM); Itau (Campo Largo), Sierras de Tartagal, 1600 m, 1 (CML); Junta de los Rios Tarija y Bermejo, 1 (CML); Juntas de San An¬ tonio, 13 (CM); La Caldera, 1 (ROM); Los Madrejones, Junta de los Rios Tarija e Itau, 1400 m, 1 (CML); Oran, 15 km S, 15 km W, along Rio Santa Maria, 4 (CM); Paso de la Cruz, 2 (CML); Piquirenda Viejo, 30 km N Tartagal, 12 (CM); Piquirenda Viejo, 6 km W, 1 (OMNH); Piquirenda Viejo, 8 km W, 2 (CML); Rio El Naranjo, 14 km W de Ruta provincial 5, 1 (CML); Rio Guanaco, 32 km al NE de Lumbrera, 1 (CML); Serrania de las Pavas, 3 (1 CML, 2 OMNH); Tabacal, 41 (40 MACN, I TTU). TUCUMAN: Agua Colorada, 8 (MACN); Aguas Chiquitas, Sierras de Medina, 800 m, 1 (CM); Arroyo Aguas Chiquitas, Reserva Provincial Aguas Chiquitas, 1 (CML); Las Juntas, 22 km W Choromoro, 1 (CML); Las Juntas, 22 km W Choromoro on Hwy 312, 3,500 ft., 1 (OMNH); Las Tipas, Parque Biologico, 1 (CML); Playa Larga, Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307 km 19.7, 1 (CML); Quebrada del Toro, 1 (CML); Reserva Provincial “Aguas Chiquitas” El Cadillal, 4 (CM); Rio Loro, 3 (RMB); Taco Yana, 1 (CML). Additional Records .— FORMOSA: Parque Nacional Rio Pilcomayo (S. Heinonen F, and R. M. Barquez, in litt.), JUJUY: Finca El Remate, 24 km SE San Salvador de Jujuy, 740 m (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971, as A. lituratus ); Finca La Carolina, Los Perales, San Salvador de Jujuy, 1310 m (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971, as A. lituratus). 74 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 54. Skull and teeth of Artibeus p/anirostris. Adult male from Serranla de las Pavas, Salta Province (OMNH 18944). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 75 68° 64° 60° 56° Figure 55. Map of the localities of Pygocierma bilabiatum. Genus Pygodenna Pygoderma bilabiatum (Wagner) Phyllostoma bilabiatum Wagner, Wiegmann’s Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, Jahrgang 9, Bd. 1:366, 1843. P i [ygoderma] bilabiatum : Peters, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, p. 357, 1866. Type Locality. — Brazil, Sao Paulo, Ipanema. Distribution. — This species was considered mo- notypic, until Owen and Webster (1983) recognized two subspecies, P. b. bilabiatum and P. b. magna, based prin¬ cipally on size differences. P b. magna was described for northwestern Argentina and Bolivia, and P. b. bilabiatum was assumed to extend from northeastern Argentina northward through Brazil and Paraguay to Suriname (see also Webster and Owen, 1984). Distribution in Argentina. — Figure 55. Description (Figs. 56 and 57).— Size is medium; length of forearm ranges from 38.0 to 44.2 mm. The upper lip has a longitudinal fold that gives it a double¬ lipped appearance. A white patch on each shoulder is characteristic for this species. The borders of the ears and the tragus are yellow. General color is grayish brown, lighter and more uniform on the venter. Hairs of the dorsum are tricolored with a dark brown basal band, a paler, almost white, middle band, and brown tips slightly lighter than the basal band. Hairs of the venter are unicolored. The pelage is long and soft, uni¬ formly distributed over the body, and extends over more than one-half of the forearm along the dorsal and ven¬ tral sides, and over the entire dorsal surface of the uropatagium and tibia (in lesser amounts on the ventral side). Membranes are dark and the small dactylopatagium is transparent. The nose leaf is well developed, large, and wide. The uropatagium is semicircular and supported by small calcars. The medium-sized ears have rounded tips and wide bases. Numerous glands occur on the rostrum near the nose leaf and around the eyes, (particularly in males), giving a swollen appearance. Numerous papillae are found on the lower Lip. A tail is absent. The skull is distinctive, with a short rostrum (more inflated in females and in specimens from Misiones Province compared with those from Salta Province). Orbits are small; zygomatic arches are complete but thin. The palate is short and the toothrows are semicircular. The pterygoids are short and diverge posteriorly; the 76 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 56. Pygoderma bilabiatum : (a) face; (b) uropatagium; and fc) tragus. hamular process is short and blunt. The basisphenoid pits are elongate and deep. The braincase is rounded. A low sagittal crest is present and continuous with the lambdoidal crests, which are well marked in females and less so in males. The dental formula is 2/2, 1/1, 2/2, 2/2, total 28. The II is well developed, triangular and pointed, and the incisors are in contact only at their bases; their ex¬ ternal border is sharp and serrated. The 12 is small, not reaching the cingulum of the canines, inclined inward, and with the distal border rounded and filling the space between the 11 and the canines. Canines are well devel¬ oped and wide with a cutting lateral border and a very sharp tip; the cingulum is expanded inward toward the posterolingual side where it forms a small cusp. The PI and P2 are well developed. The PI is the widest tooth in the toothrow in lateral view, is triangular in lateral view and the cusps, except for the outer one, are little developed. The Ml is wide, with the paracone well de¬ veloped and in the form of a cutting blade, and lingually with a low protocone and a less developed hypocone. The M2 is reduced and without well-differentiated cusps. The mandibular toothrow is semicircular. Incisors are subequal in size, small, bilobed, and deeply grooved along the anterior face. Canines are normal. The inter¬ nal face of the premolars has a median septum that di¬ vides it anteriorly and posteriorly. Molars with well- developed inner cusps, the second slightly less than one- half the size of the first. Occasionally a third lower or upper molar may be present on one or both sides (Owen and Webster, 1983). Measurements .— Table 5. Comments .— Olrog (1967) first reported this bat for Argentina. This species prefers humid forests. Fomes and Delpietro (1969) captured specimens in human dwellings near “tala” trees ( Celtis ). Specimens in Bo¬ livia were captured in low woodlands with palms and in the densest part of the forest in swampy areas (R. M. Barquez, personal observation). This species is preyed upon by Stygian owls (Asio stygius) in the cerrado sa¬ vanna of Brazil (Motta Junior and Taddei, 1992). Its food seems to be mainly fruit, but few data are avail¬ able. Stomachs of captured specimens were empty of solids, but liquids appear to pertain to fruits. Yellowish seeds were found in the feces of one specimen from Piquirenda Viejo, Salta Province. Crespo (1982) noted that specimens of this species approached cultivated fruit trees. Little is known about their reproduction; Crespo (1982) noted no activity in specimens captured in Misiones Province in September and November. Sev¬ eral females we captured in Misiones (San Pedro, 47 km E) on 3 1 October had near-term fetuses, one gave birth in the net. At Gobemador Lanusse, Misiones Prov¬ ince, 11 lactating females and a juvenile were captured in November. In Piquirenda Viejo, Salta Province, a lac¬ tating female was collected in mid-May. Specimens from Bolivia were not reproductively active in July (R. M. Barquez, personal observation). Myers (1981) cap¬ tured pregnant females in March, July, and August in Paraguay. This species may reproduce all year. Specimens Examined (37).— CORRIENTES: San Carlos, 1 (MACN). MISIONES: 6 kmNE by Highway 2 of jet. Highway 2 and Arroyo Paraiso, 1 (IADIZA- BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 77 Figure 57. Skull and teeth of Pygoderma bilabialum. Adult female from 47 km SE San Pedro, Misiones Province (CML 21 62). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. CM); Almafuerte, 1 (MACN); Aristobulo del Valle, 10 km W by road along Rio Cunapiru, 1 (CML); Colonia Martires, 5 (MACN); Estancia San Jorge, 1 (MACN); Gobemador Lanusse, 13 (CML); Misiones (no specific locality), 1 (BMNH); Profundidad, 1 (MACN); San Pedro, 20 km al SE, 1 (RAO); San Pedro, 47 km SE, 7 (5 CML, 2 IADIZA-CM). SALTA: Agua Blanca, 2 (CML); Piquirenda Viejo, 30 km N Tartagal, 1 (CM); Vado de Arrazayal, 20 kmNWAguas Blancas, 1 (CML). Additional Records .— MISIONES: Arroyo OjTigua-i (Massoia et al., 1987); Cataratas del Iguazu (Massoia, 1980); Departamento Capital (Massoia, 1980); Departamento Guarani (Massoia, 1980). 78 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY SUBFAMILY DESMODONTINAE Vampires have been considered both a distinct family and a tribe (Desmodina) of the Family Phyllostomidae (Gray, 1866). Recent work (Forman et ah, 1968; Jones and Carter, 1976), however, recognizes vampires as a subfamily. Three species are included, which are quite distinct from other phyllostomids. All are characterized by a reduced, almost indistinguish¬ able, nose leaf, and the very specialized teeth needed for blood feeding, with the upper incisors and canines being sharpened blades. KEY TO THE SPECIES 1. Thumb short, with two distinct pads; wing tips white; coronoid process more elevated than the mandibular condyle giving a triangular appearance.. Diaemus youngi 1'. Thumb larger, with three large pads; wing tips not white; coronoid process more or less equal to the mandibular condyle giving a square appearance. Desmodus roiundus Genus Desmodus r Desmodus rotundus (E. Geoffroy St.- Hilaire) f Phyllostoma rotundum E. Geoffroy St.- Hilaire, Annalesdu Museum d’HistoireNaturelle, Paris, 15:181, 1810. Desmodus rotundus'. Thomas, Annals and Maga¬ zine of Natural History, ser. 7, 8:194, 1901, Type Locality. — Paraguay. Restricted to Asuncion by Cabrera (1958). Distribution. — Widely distributed from northern Mexico southward through central and perhaps south¬ ern Argentina, with few records from the Amazon ba¬ sin. Two subspecies (D. r. murinus and D. r. rotundus) are recognized, but their differences are not clear and they may not be valid taxa. Only D. r. rotundus is found in Argentina. Distribution in Argentina (Fig. 58).— This spe¬ cies is common throughout most of its range in Argen¬ tina. Description (Figs. 59 and 60).— Size medium, with the length of the forearm ranging from 60 to 67 mm, and the body strong and muscular. The pelage is short and stiff. Color varies, but is generally brown or gray; some specimens are reddish and others are golden. The venter is paler than the dorsum. Basal bands of the dorsal hairs are whitish, while those of the venter are dark. Dorsally, the pelage extends over the entire fore- ami, propatagium, uropatagium, plagiopatagium, and legs. Distribution of hair is similar dorsally and ven¬ trally, but the forearm is not densely furred and is na¬ ked in many specimens. The nose leaf is reduced and almost imperceptible. The snout has a series of glands and a central protuberance with a V-shaped indention; the nasal openings are elliptical and elongated. The lower lip has several callosities that form a “V” with a central groove. The ears are short, separated, have a convex exterior margin, and rounded tips. The inner face of the pinna has pronounced ridges toward its external margin; the tragus has a convex internal border, a pointed tip, and a constricted base. Tail and calcar are absent. The thumb is long and has three pads, differing from Diaemus youngi , which has only two. The plagiopatagium. attaches at the base of the foot; the uropatagium is reduced to a narrow membrane that bor¬ ders the legs and the posterior end of the body. The braincase is large and rounded; the rostrum is short; zygomatic arches are complete and widened medially. Sagittal and lambdoidal crests are poorly de¬ veloped or absent. The palate is short and concave, with large incisive foramina, and its posterior margin ends at the midpoint of the zygomatic arches; the caudal spine of the palate is barely developed. Tympanic bullae are well developed (but smaller than in D. youngi) and cover about one-half of the cochlea. The dental formula is I 1/2, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 1/1, total 20. The II and Cl are bladelike, acutely pointed, and with sharp posterior margins, The Ml is reduced and smaller than PI; both are laterally compressed and bladelike. A wide space separates i 1 and i2 from the canines. The il and i2 are bilobed (in D. youngi only the outer lower incisors are bilobed). The pi, p2, and ml are reduced, as in the upper toothrow. The coronoid BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 79 68° 64° 60° 56° Figure 58. Map of the localities of Desmodus rotundus. process and the mandibular condyle are at about the same height such that the bone connecting them runs almost parallel to the mandibular rami (in Diaemus the mandibular condyle is much lower than the coronoid process and the bone connecting them is at an oblique angle to the mandibular rami). Measurements/—^ Table 7. Comments .— A great deal of data is available on this species because of its economic importance and its role in the transmission of rabies. The method of feed¬ ing in this species presents risks to public health; its diet consists of blood. Trypanosomiasis and paralytic rabies, which have been detected in this species, dam¬ age cattle and may cause death to both animals and hu¬ mans. These bats prefer to bite domestic animals on the shoulders, neck, hips, legs, at the base of the horns and above the hooves. Villa-R. et al. (1969) found that 73.4% of the stomachs examined contained mammal blood, 10.1% contained both mammal and bird blood, and 80 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 59. Desmodus rotimdus : (a) face; (b) tragus; and (c) calluses of the thumb. 16.5% contained milk. Although domestic animals are the primary source of food, large native mammals and even humans are also used. Fruits (Arata et ah, 1967) and insects (Greenhall, 1972) also have been reported in stomachs of this species. This species is gregarious; it may form colonies of up to 5,000 individuals (Crespo et ah, 1961). In the province of Santiago del Estero, individuals formed a “principal” colony and one or more “satellite” colonies (Lord et ah, 1976); the principal colony consisted of a dominant male, some young males, and most of the fe¬ males. Other males formed the satellite colonies. Most colonies are located in caves or abandoned buildings. Tunnels, bridges, and drainage pipes seem to be tem¬ porary refuges or are used as sites for digestion (Greenhall et ah, 1983a). Roosts are shared with many other species of bats. We found a group of vampires inhabiting an outhouse in Chaco Province; the bats en¬ tered through the two-hole seat and took shelter in the dark tank below. The walls of the outhouse were streaked with bloody bat stool. For obvious reasons, they had made the structure unusable. Vampires are found in all types of habitats except the high mountains and their dispersal is influenced by the advance of human popu¬ lations and their livestock. In the dry thomscrub of Chaco Province in northern Argentina, we found a very deep (> 40 m) well that, during daylight hours, served as a roost for about 40 vampires. Further south in Ar¬ gentina, MAM and RMB spoke with a wildlife official in Puerto Madryn, Chubut Province, who reported ob¬ servations of a vampire feeding at the base of the rear flipper of a sea lion (Arctocephalus australis ) that was hauled out on the beach. This would constitute the south¬ ernmost record for the vampire and, although we have not verified the species in that area, the observation was so unusual (yet typical of vampires) that we mention it here; we do not, however, include Puerto Madryn as a locality for this species. Schmidt (1972) has reported acoustical recogni¬ tion between mothers and young. Fidelity to roosts is known (Kunz, 1982); Schmidt et al. (1971) recorded the return of a female after a five-month absence from an area. Wilson (1973) described the reproductive cycle of this species as non-temporal polyestry; reproduction occurs throughout the year, probably due to the con¬ tinuous availability of food. After a gestation of about seven months, a single young is bom and the placenta is eaten by the mother (Schmidt, 1974). Flight begins at 60 days of life, when the young feed on blood regurgitated by the mother. At four months of age these bats can feed themselves, but accompany their mothers during feeding flights. Aspects of the biology of this species are summarized in Greenhall et al (1983a) and Linhart (1970). Specimens Examined (144).— CATAMARCA; Andalgala, 1 (MACN); Choya, 13 km NNW of Andalgala, 4,000 ft., 4 (1 CML, 1 IADIZA-CM, 2 OMNH); Potrero River Dike, Potrero, Approx. 13 km N Andalgala, 1 (MSB). CHACO: El Mangrullo, 20 km NNW by road and 11 km NE by road, 2 (CML); Estancia San Miguel, along Hwy 90, 15 km NW jet. Hwy 90 and Hwy 11,8 (5 CML, 3 IADIZA-CM); Rio de Oro, Gen¬ eral Vedia, 1 (FCM). CORDOBA: Los Hoyos, 20 (MACN); Los Modes, 13 (MACN). CORRIENTES: Estancia La Palmita, 1 (OMNH); Goya, 5 (BMNH); Ituzaingo, 25 km E, 1 (AMNH). FORMOSA: Colonia km 503, 1 (MACN); Las Lomitas, 4 (MACN); Las Mercedes, 1 (MACN); Patino, 1 (MACN); Pozo del Tigre, 1 (MACN). JIJJUY: Abra de Canas, 1730 m, 1 BARQUEZ EX AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 81 Figure 60. Skull and teeth of Desmodus rotundas. Adult male from Laguna La Brea, Jujuy Province (OMNH 18662). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. (CML); Aguas Negras, Parque Nacional Calilegua, 2 (CML); Dique Las Maderas, 1 (MACN); Finca El Pongo, 45 km E San Salvador de Jujuy, 1 (TCWC); Laguna La Brea, 2 (PIDBA); Laguna La Brea, 25 km W Palma Sola, 2 (OMNH); On Highway 9 at border with Salta, at campground on the way to El Carmen, 2 (1 IADIZA-CM, 1 OMNH). LA RIOJA: El Barreal, 1 (CML); La Rioja, 1 (MACN). SALTA: Abra de La Punilla, 1 (MACN); Agua Blanca, I (CML); Betania, 1 (ROM); El Porvenir, 1 (ROM); Guemes, 6 (MACN); Hurnaita, 1 (MACN); Laguna de las Catas, 1 (CML); Las Lajitas, 3 (MACN); Oran, 20 km al NW de Agua 82 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Table 7. Measurements o/Desmodus rotundus andT) iaemus youngi. Fora description of the measure¬ ments, see the Materials and Methods. Mean, standard deviation, and sample size are followed by range. Variable Desmodus rotundus Diaemus youngi Total length 84.6 + 6.33, 14 78.0 - 95.0 86.0, 1 Hindfoot length 17.0+ 1.57, 17 14.2-21.0 17.5, 1 Ear length 19.1 ±2.11, 1 1 15.0-22.0 18.8, 1 Forearm length 62.8 + 2.21, 18 60.0 - 66.5 50.7, 1 Weight 40.0 + 4.80, 6 35.0 -47.5 40.0, l Condylobasal length 21.8 + 0.74, 17 20.7 -23.9 20,3, 1 Least interorbital breadth 6.5+0.22, 19 6.0 -6.9 6.5, 1 Zygomatic breadth 12.3+0.29, 17 11.9-13.1 14.1, 1 Greatest length of skull 24.4 + 0.57, 17 23.6 - 26.0 24.0, 1 Postorbital constriction 5.5 + 0.20, 19 5.2-6.0 6.4, 1 Breadth of braincase 12.6 + 0.44, 18 12.2 - 13.8 12.9, 1 Length of maxillary toothrow 3.2, 1 Palatal length 9.1 ±0.43, 16 8.0-10.0 7.9, 1 Mastoidal breadth 12.9 + 0.32, 18 12.5 - 13.9 12.9, 1 Length of mandibular toothrow 4.8 + 0.16, 14 4.5 - 5.0 3.9, 1 Length of mandible 15.4 + 0.45, 19 14.7- 16.7 15.1, 1 C-C (width across canines) 6.3 + 0.29, 19 5.7-7.0 6.1, 1 M-M (width across molars) 6.3 + 0.31, 18 5.9 -7.0 6.2, 1 Blanca, 1 (MACN); Piquirenda Viejo, 6 km W, 2 (1 CML, 1 OMNH); Quebrada de Acambuco, 5 km W Dique Jtiyuro, 1 (IADIZA-CM); San Agustin, 3 (MACN); Santa Victoria Este, 13 (MACN). SAN JUAN: Castano Nuevo, 9 km NW Villa Nueva, 1 (OMNH). SAN LUIS: San Francisco del Monte de Oro, 7 km £ from downtown, 2 (OMNH). SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO: Arenales, 1.5 km E Piedrabuena, 4 (TTU); Banado de Figueroa, Rio Salado, 1 (CML); El Rincon, 2 (MACN); Huyamampa, 3 (CML); La Libertad, 1 (MACN); Villa Mercedes, 2 (MACN); TUCUMAN: Casa de Piedra, Rio Los Sosa, mta 307, km 24.9, 850 m, 1 (CML); Dique San Ignacio, 1 (CML); El Cadillal, 1 (CML); Horco Molle, 15 km W San Miguel de Tucuman, 1 (CM); Monte Bello, 3 (CML); Monte Bello, margen derecha del Rio Medina, 1 (CML); Piedra Tendida, 5 km W de Dique F.1 Cajon, 1 (CML); Piedrabuena, 1 (TTU); Playa Larga, Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307 km 19.7, 1 (CML); Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307, km 23.9, camino a Tati del Valle, 850 m, 1 (OMNH); Vipos, Estancia San Pedro, 3 (CML), Additional Records. — CATAMARCA: Cuesta del Totoral (S. Lougheed, personal communication). BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 83 68° 64° 60° 56° 1-1-1-r Figure 61. Map of the localities of Diaemus youngi. CHACO: Colonia Benitez, 20 Cm N Resistencia, 30 m (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971). CORDOBA: Agua de Ramon (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Arroyo La Higuera (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Chacra La Merced (Villa- R. and Villa-C., 1971); Chancani (Tiranti and Torres, 1998); Corazon de Maria (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Cordoba (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Cruz del Eje (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); El Tuscal (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Espinillo (Tiranti and Torres, 1998); Finca Tabaquillo, 15 km E Cruz del Eje (Vtlla-R. and Villa-C., 1971); La Argentina (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); La Bismutina (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); La Higuera (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); La Poblacion (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); LaPochita, Baritina (Villa- R. and Villa-C., 1971); Las Chacras (Villa-R. and Villa- C., 1971); Mina San Ignacio (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Nino Dios, mas o menos 1900 m (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Ojo de Agua (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Palo Seco (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Rayo Cortado-Cerro Colorado (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Rio Ceballos (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Rio Hondo, Departarnento Cruz del Eje (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Rio Hondo, Departarnento San Alberto (Villa- R. and Villa-C., 1971); San Isidro (Villa-R. and Villa- C,, 1971); San Juan (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Segunda Usina (Tiranti and Torres, 1998). CORJRIENTES: Corrientes (Fomes and Massoia, 1967); Isla Apipe Grande (SENASA=Anonimo, 1970); Ita I bate (Lord et aL, 1973). ENTRE RIOS: Parque Nacional El Palmar (R. M. Barquez, personal observa¬ tion). FORMOSA: Parque Nacional Rio Pilcomayo (S. Heinonen F. and R. M. Barquez, in litt.). JUJUY: Angosto El Duraznal, 15 km S Palma Sola, 1225 m (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Arroyo La Urbana, 45 km E y 5.4 km SE San Salvador de Jujuy, 620 m (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Cercanias de San Pedro (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Cueva del Tigre, 74 km N Pampa Blanca, 700 m (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Dique Las Maderas, 42 km San Salvador de Jujuy, 920 m (Villa- R. and Villa-C., 1971); Finca Catamontana, 33 kin SSE San Salvador de Jujuy, 925 m (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Finca El Olvido, 15 km E Palma Sola (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Puesto Viejo, 16 km N Giiemes, Rio Las Pavas (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971). MISIONES: Arroyo Urugua-i (Massoia et al., 1987); Candelaria (Massoia, 1980); Cataratas del Iguazu (Crespo, 1982); Colonia Martires, Chacra Ferreira, 125 m (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Cueva Maria Antonia (Fomes et al., 1969); Departarnento Capital (Massoia, 1980). SALTA: Apolinario Saravia, 5 km W (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Cebilar, 20 km W Apolinario Saravia (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Cueva del Indio, 4 km W Cafayate, 1800 m (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Cueva del Murcielagallo, 15 km SSW Santa Victoria, 84 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 62. Diaemusyoungi: (a) face; (b) tragus; and (c) wing. 2000 m (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); General M. M. de Gueraes, 30 km SSW (Villa-R. and Villa-C'., 1971); Paso Quintana, Rosario de la Frontera (Romana and Abalos, 1950); Puesto Arroyo Cabeza de Vaca, 30 km N Apolinario Saravia (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Termas de Rosario de la Frontera (Romana and Abalos, 1950); Toma de Los Laureles, 6 km SSW Chicoana, 1400 m (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971). SAN LUIS: Lujan, Quines (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); San Martin (Villa- R. and Villa-C., 1971); Villa Larca (Villa-R. and Villa- C., 1971). SANTIAGO DELESTERO: Campo Alegre (Romana and Abalos, 1950); Chanar Pozo (Lord et al., 1976). TUC'UMAN: Ingenio Lules (Romana and Abalos, 1950). Genus Diaemus Diaemus youngi (Jentink) Desmodus youngi Jentink, Notes of the Leiden Museum, 15:282, 1893. Diaemus youngi'. Miller, Proceedings of the Bio¬ logical Society of Washington, 19:84, 1906. This species has been assigned to either Diaemus or Desmodus by different authors (Handley, 1976; Honacki et al., 1982; Koopman, 1978, 1982; Simpson, 1945). Hall (1981) and Koopman (1993) reiterate its status as a distinct genus. Type Locality .— In the original description, Jentink did not provide a specific type locality, but men¬ tioned that the material was sent to him by Dr. C. G. Young, from Berbice, New Amsterdam, British Guiana. Later, Young offered a list of localities of material sent to Jentink indicating for this species: Upper Canje Creek, Berbice, British Guiana, which is presently accepted as the type locality (Husson, 1962). Distribution. — This species is widely distributed from central Mexico to northern Argentina; has not been reported from Chile, Uruguay, Paraguay, southern Bo- BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 85 Figure 63. Skull and teeth of Diaemus youngi. Adult female from Agua Salada, Jujuy Province (CML 1343). Bar = J cm. Teeth not to scale. li via, or from areas west of the Andes in Peru, Ecuador, and southern Colombia. Distribution in Argentina. — Figure 61. Description (Figs. 62 and 63).— Diaemus youngi is generally similar to D. rotundas , but is slightly smaller, with more distinctive white wing tips, and a shorter thumb having only two callosities. The specimen from Jujuy Province is golden blond both dorsally and ven- trally; wing membranes are dark, almost black, making the white wing tips even more distinctive; the uropatagium is paler and covered dorsally and ventrally with blond hairs, with a fringe at the margin. The nose leaf is reduced, as in D. rotundus , but the “V” is more 86 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY open. Nasal openi ngs are rounded, instead of elongated as in Desmodus. The posterior fleshy process of the nose leaf is almost absent and the glands bordering the nasal process are well developed, as is the furrow between these and the exterior margin of the process. Ears are similar to Desmodus ; the tragus is less pointed. This species is characterized by large glands inside the mouth that are clearly visible in live animals when they open the mouth. The skull is similar to Desmodus , but with large tympanic bullae, a more elevated rostrum, and a differ¬ ent mandibular configuration in which the margin be¬ tween the coronoid process and the mandibular condyle is elevated, giving it a triangular aspect. The dental formula is I 1/2, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 1-2/1, total 20-22. The il and i2 generally are not bilobed, although i2 is bilobed in some individuals. In the speci¬ men from Jujuy Province, incisors are not bilobed and the total number of teeth is 20, In a specimen from Misiones Province, the outer incisors are bilobed and there are 22 teeth, but this appears to be a juvenile; pos¬ sibly the small second molars are lost with age. Measurements — Table 7. Comments. — Goodwin and Greenhall (1961) found this species living in groups of more than 30 in¬ dividuals m a hollow tree and one individual was iso¬ lated in a well-lighted cave. Fernandez (l981) indicated that the species is scarce in Venezuela; a few individu¬ als were observed feeding on domestic chickens, mak¬ ing incisions on their feet, which may kill the bird through blood loss. The Jujuy specimen (Barquez, 1984/)) was trapped in a mist net about 4 m above the ground. About 60 cm below the bat, a small owl {Olus choliba) was also trapped in the net and, upon exami¬ nation, was found to have spots of blood probably pro¬ duced by bites from the vampire. This bat is also eaten by bam owls {Tyto alba ) in Argentina (Massoia et al., 1989c). In spite of intensive efforts to capture and collect specimens, we have only been able to capture a single animal; this species is rare in northern Argentina. The environment where it was captured was a complex mix of chacoan thorn scrub intermixed with transitional for¬ est, and located only a few kilometers from the Yungas forest. The specimen, captured at the beginning of Au¬ gust, was a female with an open vagina. Specimens Examined (3).— JUJUY: Agua Salada, app. 15 km SE Agua Caliente, lado oriental del Rio San Francisco, 1 (C'ML). MISIONES: Eldorado, 1 (MACN); Picada Vieja, 1 (CML). Additional Records. — MISIONES: Bonpland (Massoia et al., 1989c); Dos de Mayo (Massoia, 1980); Eldorado, 3 km SE (Delpietro et al., 1973). FAMILY VESPERTILIONIDAE This family has a worldwide distribution, being absent only from the Arctic and Antarctic. It is com¬ posed of 6 subfamilies, 34 genera, and about 315 spe¬ cies. Many genera are shared among various geographic regions, but some, such as Tomopeas in Peru, are quite restricted. Some species attain the southernmost distri¬ butions known for bats, reaching Tierra del Fuego, Ar¬ gentina, and Isla Navarino, Chile. Only the Subfamily Vespertilioninae, with 5 genera and 20 species, is found in Argentina. The species in this subfamily can be iden¬ tified by a long tail that is included totally in the uropatagium and reaches the posterior border of the membrane, a wide emargination at the anterior border of the palate that separates the upper incisors, and by the lack of a nose leaf (a character shared with the Noctilionidae and Molossidae). The tragus is well de¬ veloped. In Argentina, the ears, which are of various shapes and sizes, provide characters diagnostic of the different genera. The ears are long, wide, and rounded in Histiotus ; medium sized, narrow, and generally pointed in Myotis and Eptesicus; and short (almost flat¬ tened against the head) and rounded in Lasiurus and Dasypterus. All Argentine species are insectivorous. Although various roosts are utilized, there is a tendency to oc¬ cupy urban and suburban areas, dwellings, bridges, fis¬ sures in buildings and rocks, tree holes, and caves. Some species are migratory, others hibernate. The ecology and behavior of vespertilionids in Argentina is essentially unknown. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 87 KEY TO THE SPECIES 1. Dorsal surface of uropatagium densely furred; ears short and rounded. 2 1'. Dorsal surface of uropatagium nearly naked or sparsely haired; ears relative?^ larger and of different shapes. 5 2(1). Proximal one-half of dorsal surface of uropatagium covered with hairs; general coloration yellowish gray or yellowish brown, with olive tones. Dasypterus ega 2\ Dorsal surface of uropatagium almost completely covered with hairs. 3 3 (2'). General coloration with frosted appearance, with mix of grayish or reddish hairs.4 3'. General coloration strongly reddish (brick red), but not frosted. Lasiurus varius 4 (3). Length of forearm >50 mm. Lasiurus cinereus 4'. Length of forearm 37-42 mm. Lasiurus blossevillii 5 (L). Ears large, generally > 25 mm, extending well beyond tip of nose when laid forward... 6 5'. Ears of medium size, < 20 mm, generally not extending beyond tip of nose when laid forward. 10 6 (5). Ears triangular, united by a band across the forehead; coloration dark brown; tips of dorsal hairs contrasting little with bases; only known from Misiones Province. Histiotus velatus 6'. Ears ovoid; connecting band between ears wide, narrow, or absent; general coloration paler than above, but color of tips of dorsal hairs clearly contrasting with bases. 7 7 (6 1 ). Ratio of lengths of head and body versus ear ranging from 2.3 to 3.1; length of the bullae > 4 mm.8 7'. Ratjo of lengths of head-body versus ear ranging from 1.4 to 2.1; length of the bullae < 4 mm .. Histiotus macrotus 9 8 (7). Length of ear < 22 mm, not connected by a band; general coloration dark dorsally and ventrally. Histiotus magellanicus 8'. Length of ear > 22 mm, sometimes connected by a low band across the forehead; coloration variable, but venter grayish or whitish, paler than dorsum. Histiotus montanus 9 (7). Tips of hairs of venter grayish or whitish; ears dark, almost black; connecting band between ears narrow or barely visible; rostrum wide; breadth across the third upper molars > 7 mm...... Histiotus macrotus macrotus 9'. Tips of hairs of venter yellowish; ears relatively pale; connecting band between ears clearly visible; rostrum narrow; breadth across the third upper molars < 7 mm .. Histiotus macrotus laephotis 10 (5'). Dorsal surface of base of uropatagium haired; tip of tragus pointed; 12 about same size as II; PI and P2 small; a “space’ made up of two greatly reduced premolars is present between P3 and the canine.11 88 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 10'. Dorsal surface of base of uropatagium naked or nearly so; tip of tragus rounded; 12 larger than the inner; no “space” present between the premolar and the canine.20 11 (10). Sagittal crest present. 12 11'. Sagittal crest absent. 15 12(11). P2 displaced to the lingual side of the toothrow .. 13 12'. P2 not displaced from toothrow. 14 13 (12). Fur short and velvetlike; dorsal coloration usually bright orange, reddish, or yel lowish; length of forearm 36.5-41.0 mm; postorbital constriction 4.0-4.1 mm... Myotis simus 13'. Fur short, but longer than above, and woolly; dorsal coloration cinnamon brown, some hairs with yellowish tips; length of forearm 34-36 mm; postorbital constriction 3.4-3.5 mm... Myotis riparius 14 (12'). General coloration bright red with some ochraceous tones; length of forearm 37-40 mm; greatest length of skull more than 14.5 mm; restricted to northeastern Misiones Province. Myotis ruber 14'. Coloration darker, not red or ochraceous; length of forearm > 40 mm; greatest length of the skull < 14.3 mm; known only from the provinces of Salta and Tucuman. Myotis keaysi 15 (IF). Uropatagium with lightly pigmented border and a fringe of hairs on margin, varying in degree of development..... 16 15'. Uropatagium without lightly pigmented border or fringe of hairs on margin. 17 16 (15). Venter, especially the perianal region, pale to almost white; dorsum with mix of hairs giving a golden or silvery frosted appearance; postorbital constriction > 4.0 mm; feet large and rounded; rostrum short relative to braincase; lower toothrow 5.0-5.6 mm. Myotis albescens 16'. Coloration of venter pale but not whitish; dorsum may be frosted but not as frequently as above; postorbital constriction < 4.0 mm (with rare exceptions); feet small or large but not rounded; rostrum elongated; lower toothrow 5.5-6.1 mm . Myotis levis 19 17 (15'), Dorsal hairs tricolored with white bases 1.0 mm long; length of forearm 37.7-41.2 mm; known only from the provinces of Chubut and Rio Negro. Myotis aelleni 17'. Dorsal hairs uni-or bicolored. 18 18 (17'). Length of forearm 37.0-41.0 mm; dorsal hairs usually bicolored with tips paler than bases; known only from the provinces of Chubut, Neuquen, and Rio Negro. Myotis chiloensis 18'. Length of forearm 32.0-36.0 mm; dorsal hairs usually unicolored or moderately bicolored; widely distributed in northern Argentina.. Myotis nigricans BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE B ATS OF ARGENTINA 89 19 (16’). Tips of dorsal hairs yellowish; uropatagium with a light border; length of forearm 35.0-38.0 mm; postorbital constriction 3.3-3.8 mm; from northwestern Argentina south to southwest of Buenos Aires Province. Myotis levis dinellii 19'. Tips of dorsal hairs pale, but not as yellowish as above; uropatagium with light border and a fringe of hairs; length of forearm 35.0-39.3 mm; postorbital constriction 3.6 to 4.0 mm; only known from the provinces of Buenos Aires and Entre Rios. Myotis levis levis 20 (10'). Size small; length of forearm < 35 mm; length of mandible <10.1 mm; some individuals with frosted appearance, particularly those from northeastern Argentina.. Eptesicus diminutus 20'. Size large: length of forearm > 35 mm; length of mandible >10.1 mm.21 21 (20'). Length of forearm > 41 mm (near 45 nun); greatest length of skull > 16.7 mm; zygomatic breadth > 12 mm; length of mandible > 12.9 mm. Eptesicus brasiliensis 21’. Length of forearm < 4.1 mm; greatest length of skull <16.5 mm; length of upper toothrow < 6.8 mm; mandible < 13.0 mm. Eptesicus furinalis Genus Myotis This is the largest and most complex genus of bats in the Neotropics. Revisions are those of Miller and Allen (1928) and La Val (1973). The latter presented a clarification of the species of Myotis, but lacks a com¬ plete and detailed analysis of the Argentine species. We basically follow La Val (1973), with modifications given in each species account. The difficulty in identifying Argentine Myotis is due primarily to poor knowledge about population and geographic variation, and the dis¬ tribution of each species. Some of the taxonomic char¬ acters are not diagnostic, thus ecological data often must be used to clarify the status of a species. Some distinc¬ tive characters are; three lower and upper premolars, medium-sized ears with a sharply pointed tragus, and the presence of hairs on the dorsal base of the uropatagium (differing in this from Eptesicus). The skulls of many species are similar, so slight differences are often used as diagnostic characters, although these are frequently inconsistent. For this reason only those cranial characters that help in identification are men¬ tioned in a species account and comparisons are made only with similar species. The values obtained from specimens used in de¬ veloping the key to species reflect the average values of specimens we examined. Some species are easily distinguishable, e.g., Myotis levis , M. albescens , and M. ruber , although in some areas the first two species can be confused with one another. Myotis nigricans exhibits considerable variation and could be confused with other species. Myotis chiloensis could be confused with M. aelleni:, their distributions are sympatric and the identity of ei¬ ther is problematic (see discussion of M. chiloensis). Myotis riparius could be confused with M. nigricans if the molars are not examined. Myotissimus is more eas¬ ily identified by its short velvetlike fur and brilliant or¬ ange and yellow color. Myotis keaysi is similar to M. nigricans , although the forearm of M. keaysi is longer. Our identifications are based on an examination of Ar¬ gentine specimens, a comparison with specimens from other areas, and the descriptions given by LaVal (1973). The dental, formula is I 2/3, C 1/1, P 3/3, M 3/3, total 38. Myotis aelleni Baud Myotis aelleni Baud, Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 86:268, 1979. Type Locality. —Argentina, Chubut, El Hoyo de Epuyen. Distribution (Fig. 64).—Known only from the type locality and El Bolson, Rio Negro Province; both localities are in close proximity. Description. —We did not examine the holotype or other specimens used in the original description; char- 90 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 68 ° 64 ° Figure 64. Map of localities of Myotis aelleni. acteristics are from the literature (Baud, 1979). See also the discussion under the distribution section of AT chiloensis. Size is medium; length of forearm is 37.7-41.2 mm. The skull is as wide, but shorter, than AT /. lev is, and longer than AT /. dinellii and AT chiloensis , with marked frontal curvature. The occipital region is well developed and elevated above the sagittal crest (which is poorly developed in juveniles, but more pronounced in older animals). Generally, AT aelleni appears slightly more robust than either AT 1. dinellii or M. chiloensis. The distal one-third of the outer edge of the ears is con¬ cave; when folded forward, the ears reach or slightly exceed the tip of the nose. The tragus is well devel¬ oped, its outer edge slightly wavy. The pelage is darker above and paler below. The length of the hairs on the dorsum and the sides is at least 6 mm, but not more than 8 mm; the hair is not silky. The dorsal hairs are tricolored with a white basal band about 0.6 mm-1.0 mm in width, followed by a dark ash-brown band, and a terminal band of sepia-brown or cinnamon-brown (with a slight reddish tone near the rump and uropatagium). The uropatagium is not trimmed with white. There is little sexual dimorphism. Comments. — Information on the biology of this species is given in Baud (1979). Specimens Examined. — None. Additional Records. — C HU BUT: Hoyo de Epuyen (Baud, 1979). RiO NEGRO: El Bolson (Baud, 1979). r Myotis albescens (E. Geoffroy St.- Hilaire) Vespertilio albescens E. Geoffroy St.- Hilaire, Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 8:204, 1806. Myotis albescens : Thomas, Annali di Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, ser. 2, 20:546, 1900. Type Locality .— According to Cabrera (.1958), the type locality is “Estancia San Solano’ in extreme south¬ ern Paraguay, adjacent to the Estero de Ibera. This spe¬ cies has had a confused taxonomic history and neither a holotype nor a type locality was specified (La Val, 1973). Adding to the confusion, Acosta v Lara (1950) placed the type locality in Corrientes Province, Argen¬ tina. La Val (1973) designated an adult female, skin and skull, AMNH No. 205195, from Yaguaron, Paraguari, Paraguay, as the neotype. Distribution. — This species is distributed from southern Mexico to northern Argentina; it is not found in Chile or western Peru (Koopman, 1993). Distribution in Argentina. — Figure 65. Description (Figs. 66, 67, and 77g).— Length of the forearm ranges from 31.0 to 37.3 mm. Adults are easily identified, although specimens are similar to AT /. lev is where they are sympatric in Buenos Aires and Entre Rios provinces. Measurements of specimens from northwestern Argentina and from the province of Misiones are slightly larger than those of the neotype, but the characters are clearly those of the species. The pelage is soft and dense. Many dorsal hairs have white tips, giving this bat a silvery or golden tint (this frosted appearance is found in few other species, excepting some M. 1. levis). The venter is light colored, almost pure white on the abdomen and perianum and on the sides of the body. In general, specimens from Misiones Province are darker than those from northwestern Ar¬ gentina; the fringe of hairs on the border of the uropatagium is well marked, even more so than in AT. /. dinellii. The feet are robust and rounded, similar to those of molossids. The braincase is globose; the rostrum is short; the postorbital constriction is wide (generally > BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 91 68 ° 64 ° 60 ° 56 o Figure 65. Map of the localities of Myoiis albescens 4 mm); the frontal curvature is accentuated; and there is no sagittal crest. Measurements .— Table 8. Comments .— Little is known about the biology of this species in spite of its wide distribution. Speci¬ mens have been captured in human dwellings. We cap¬ tured individuals: as they left the roof of a rural dwell¬ ing in Tucuman Province; over a gully with calm water in moist forest, in areas of open chacoan thorn scrub; and under the eaves of a small building in the dry thorn scrub of Santiago del Estero Province, which they shared with Myoiis nigricans , M. riparius, and Molossus molossus. Acosta y Lara (1950) reported that the spe¬ cies lives in human dwellings, rock crevices, near run¬ ning water, and under tree bark. Myers (1977) indicated 92 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 66. Myotis albescens : (a) face, lateral view; (b) face, frontal view; and (c) tragus. that in Paraguay it roosts in buildings dating from the last century. Reproduction is poorly known. Myers (1977) sug¬ gested that delayed fertilization may occur; mating was observed in May and pregnant females appeared at the end of July. Sexual dimorphism has been reported (Myers and Wetzel, 1983). Specimens Examined (85).— BUENOS AIRES: Bosch, 15 km NW Balcarce, 1 (MSU); La Plata, 2 (MLP); Lobos, 1 (ROM). CHACO: Pozo del Gato,2(l CML, 1 IADIZA-CM); Rio de Oro, General Vedia, 2 (1 CML, 1 FCM); Rio Teuco, 10 km W Tartagal, 2 (CML). CORRIENTES: Goya, 2 (BMNH). ENTRE RIOS: Estacion Paranacito, 1 (FCM); Islas de Ibicuy, Paranacito, 13 (TTU). FORMOSA: Clorinda, 1 (TTU); Colonia km 503, 2 (1 CML, 1 IADIZA-CM); Colonia km 503, 16 km S, 2 (1 CML, 1 IAJDIZA-CM); Estanislao del C'ampo, 1 (TTU). MISIONES: Misiones (no spe¬ cific locality), 1 (BMNH); San Pedro, 26 km NE, sobre ruta 16, 1 (CML); San Pedro, 47 km SE, 2 (1 CML, 1 IADIZA-CM). SALTA: Aguas Blancas, 27 km W, 1 (MACN); Hickman, Luna Muerta, 1 (CML); La Merced, 2 (TCWC); Oran, 15 km S, 15 km W, along Rio Santa Maria, 1. (CM); Parque Nacional Baritu, Finca Lipeo, a 15 km de Las Juntas, 600 m, 1 (CML); Rio El Naranjo, 14 km W de Ruta provincial 5, 1 (CML). SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO: Santo Domingo, 24 (7 CML, 5 IADIZA-CM, 12 OMNTI). TUCUMAN: Aguas Chiquitas, Sierras de Medina, 800 m, 1 (CM); Arroyo El Salton, Reserva Provincial Santa Ana, 1 (CML); Concepcion, 1 (MACN); Dique San Ignacio, 4 (3 CML, 1 OMNH); El Cadillal, Usina, 3 (RMB); Las Talas, 4 km al N de Bella Vista, 1 (OMNH); Monteagudo, 4 (2 FCM, 1 MACN, 1 TTU); Ticucho, 3 km E, i (OMNH); Ticucho, entrando por cola del Dique El Cadillal, 1 (OMNH); Tranquitas, 1 (MACN). Additional Records. — FORMOSA: Parque Nacional Rio Pilcomayo (S. Heinonen F. and R. M. Barquez, in litt.). SALTA: El Breal (Mares etal., 1981); Salta (La Val, 1973); Salta, casa habitada (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971). SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO: La Banda (Romana and Abalos, 1950); La Puerta (Romaha and Abalos, 1950). TUCUMAN: Tucuman, ciudad (Romana and Abalos, 1950). Myotis chiloensis (Waterhouse) Vespertiho chiloensis Waterhouse, Mammalia, In C. Darwin (ed,). The zoology of the voyage of IJ.M.S. Beagle, under command of Captain Fitzroy, R. N., dur¬ ing the years 1832 to 1836. 5 pts., 97 pp. Smith, Elder, and Co., London, p. 5, 1840. Myotis chiloensis : Cabrera, Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 7:295, 1903. Type Locality.— The holotype was from a small island east of the Isla de Chiloe, Chile. It has not been located in the BMNH and apparently is lost (Miller and Allen, 1928; La Val 1973; Carter and Dolan, 1978). Con¬ sequently, La Val (1973) designated a neotype (female FMNH 24029), from Cucao, Isla de Chiloe, Chile. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 93 Figure 67. Skull and teeth of Myotis albescens. Adult female from Dique San Ignacio, Tucuman Province {OMNH 1 8877). Bar - 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. Distribution .— Restricted to Chile by La Val (1973), but included in Argentina by Crespo (1974). Cabrera (1958) considered M. chiloensis a polytypic species, listing as subspecies M. c. alter and M. c. chiloensis, among others not analyzed in this study; he also considered M. dinellii as a synonym of M. c. atacamensis. Later, La Val (1973) recognized M. chiloensis and M. atacamensis as valid monotypic spe¬ cies, restricting the distribution of the former to central and southern Chile and the latter to the coastal desert of northern Chile and Peru. La Val (1973) also recognized M. levis as a polytypic taxon, including as a subspecies M. 1. dinellii ; M. c. alter was recognized as a synonym of M. 1. levis. 94 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Thus, La Val (1973) considered M. chiloensis to be a monotvpic species restricted to Chile, but with a probable extension to Isla Navarino south of Tierra del Fuego. This extension was based on a specimen in the AMNH mentioned by Koopman (1967). This specimen, as well as those mentioned by Olrog (1950) in the CML, and a specimen from Rio Douglas from Tierra del Fuego, Chile, are all M. chiloensis (R. M. Barquez, personal observation). From an examination of specimens from the prov¬ inces of Chubut, Rio Negro, and Neuquen, Crespo (1974) included M. c. chiloensis in Argentina and ex¬ tended the distribution of M. c. atacamensis (= M. levis dinellii) to Isla Victoria, Neuquen Province where, ac¬ cording to him, there is a clear separation between both geographic forms. We consider M. chiloensis and M. levis to be distinct species and do not agree that the former should be restricted to Chile, as stated by LaVal (1973). We also doubt the range extension of M. 1. dinellii given by Crespo (1974), since we have not been able to find his specimens in the MACN. We have examined many specimens of M. chiloensis from different localities. All are quite differ¬ ent from M. I dinellii , both in appearance and in cra¬ nial and external measurements. Specimens from San Martin de los Andes, 71 km SE, are lighter dorsally than specimens from other localities, but they are not com¬ parable to M. 1. dinellii; the coloration may be a color phase, or seasonal or environmental variation. These specimens resemble M. aelleni and have similar mea¬ surements, but differ in other characters. We have not been able to examine the type and type series of M. aelleni, but from an examination of many specimens from the region, including some collected at the same locality, on the same date, and by the same collector as those of the type of M. aelleni , we feel that the validity of M aelleni is questionable. All specimens examined pertain to M. chiloensis , including those from El Hoyo (the type locality of M aelleni). Although the cranial and external measure¬ ments overlap those of M. aelleni , the specimens lack the tricolored dorsal hairs that characterize M aelleni. Distribution in Argentina .— Figure 68. Description (Fig. 69).— Specimens from Argen¬ tina have a forearm length ranging between 37.0 and 39.8 mm. Color varies from blond in the north to dark brown in the south. Dorsal hairs measure between 4 and 7 mm; the basal three-fourths are light brown or black and the tips are blond, light brown, or gray-brown. Ventrally, hair bases are dark brown to black and the tips are light brown, gray, or whitish. The contrast be¬ tween the bases and the tips is more accentuated in specs- Figure 69. Skull and teeth of Myotis chiloensis. Adult female from Hoyo de Epuyen, Chubut Province (MACN). 96 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Table 8. Measurements o/Myotis albescens, Myolis chiloensis, and Myotis keaysi. For a description of the measurements, see the Materials and Methods. Mean, standard deviation, and sample size are followed by range. Variable Myolis albescens Myotis chiloensis Myolis keaysi Total length 81.8 16.34, 19 90.0 14.28, 24 93.0 12.73, 5 68.0 -94.0 82.0 - 98.0 90.0 - 97.0 Tail length 31.5 ± 3.36, 19 37.4 1 1.86,24 44.412.40, 5 24.0 - 36.0 35.0-41.0 41.0-47.0 Hindfoot length 7.3 ±0.96, 19 8.410.87,24 7.2 1 0.44, 5 6.0-8.9 7.0- 10.0 7.0-8.0 Ear length 13.412.05, 19 14.5 1 1.18, 24 11.2 ±0.44, 5 9.0 - 15.7 12.0- 17.5 11.0 - 12.0 Forearm length 35.1 1 1.49, 19 38.6 1 0.79,24 40.61 0.89,5 31.0-37.3 37.0 - 39.8 40.0 - 42.0 Weight 7.41 1.61, 13 4.0 - 11.0 7.5 ±0.92, 18 6.3 - 10.3 10.0, 1 Condylobasal length 13.010.34, 13 13.610.22,21 13.010.18,5 12.7- 13.8 13.3 - 14.2 12.8 - 13.3 Least interorbital breadth 4.810.17, 12 4.910.14,21 4.610.05, 3 46-5.2 4.7 -5.2 4.6 -4.7 Zygomatic breadth 8.610.14, 6 9.1 ±0.15, 19 8.4 10.07,2 85-8.9 8.8-9.3 8.4 - 8.5 Greatest length of skull 13.9 ±0.33, 13 14.410,22,21 13.710.26, 5 13.6- 14.7 14.1 - 15.0 13.5 - 14.1 Postorbital constriction 4.0 ±0.10, 13 3.81 0.09,21 3.610.05, 5 3.9 -4.3 3.6-4.0 3,6- 3.7 Breadth of braincase 7.210.18, 13 7.1 ±0.23,21 7.010.08,5 6,8-7.5 6.6- 7.5 6.9 - 7.1 Length of maxillary' toothrow 5 1 ±0.20, 13 5.610.10,21 5.210.13,5 4.9-5.6 5.4-5.9 5.1 - 5.4 Palatal length 6.510.35, 11 7.1 1 0.15, 19 6.7 1 0.24, 5 6.1 -7.2 6.9-7.5 6.4 - 7.0 Mastoidal breadth 7 3 ±0.15, 13 7.410.27,21 7.310.11,5 7.1 - 7.7 6.4 - 7.8 7.2- 7.5 Length of mandibular toothrow 5.210.20, 12 5.810.14,21 5.610.08, 5 5.0- 5.6 5.7-6.1 5.5- 5.7 Length of mandible 10.1 ±0.18, 12 10.810.84,21 10.3 ±0.11, 5 9.8 - 10.5 10.3 - 13.3 10.2 - 10.5 C-C (width across canines) 3.810.56, 13 3.810.08,20 3.610.05, 5 3.5-5.7 3.7-4.0 3.6 -3.7 M-M (width across molars) 5.510.13, 13 5.91 0.12, 21 5.410.08, 5 5.3 - 5.7 5.8-6.2 5.3 - 5.5 mens from the north. The hairs of a specimen from Rio Douglas, Chile, are fairly uniform dorsally, the tips are lightly lighter than the bases; the venter is more bicol¬ ored, but never as much as in M. 1. levis. Wing mem¬ branes vary in color; in some they are dark, almost black, while in others they are light brown or gray-brown. The posterior border of the uropatagium lacks a fringe of hairs and is never white as in M. 1. levis , with which it is frequently confused. The skull is robust, the braincase globose, and the rostrum elongated; a sagittal crest is present but gener¬ ally low. Measurements. — Table 8. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 97 Figure 70. Map of the localities of Myotis keaysi. Comments. — Prior to the work of Pearson and Pearson (1989) in western Patagonia, almost nothing was known about the biology of this species in Argen¬ tina. The Pearsons found M. chiloensis roosting in a garage with a large attic, in a bam, in an abandoned house, under a tin roof, and in a deep crevice in a cliff. Bats were breeding from October through December (summer), and were not breeding (and torpid) in the winter months of April and May. Females in five colo¬ nies all gave birth at about the same time over a two- week period. Additional information suggested that many, if not most, females do not give birth the same year that they are bom. Koopman (1967) found remains of a fly (Tipulidae) in the mouth of a specimen. Greer (1966) commented that it flies low over plantation ar¬ eas and high in open zones above swampy areas. Mann Fischer (1978) reported that the daytime roosts vary ac¬ cording to the environment, and include cracks under bark in forests of southern Chile and roofs in central Chile. He noted that AT. chiloensis used rocky caves in the northern deserts, but this was probably AT. atacamensis. Mann Fischer (1978) indicated that bats hibernated during the winter in colder regions and ac¬ cumulated fat in the interscapular space. Bozinovic et ah (1985) studied the energetics of this species in Chile: in a group of bats collected in a mine shaft and exam¬ ined in the laboratory, they found that the species un¬ dergoes a brief period of euthermy (2-3 hours/day) fol¬ lowed by a long period of torpor (21-22 hours/day). Specimens Examined (48).— CHUBUT: El Hoyo, 14 (1 CML, 13 MVZ); Hoyo de Epuyen, 6 (MACN); Lago Futalaufquen, 1 (MACN); Tecka, 3 km N, along Hwy 40, 2 (1 CML, 1 OMNH). NEUQUEN: Isla Victoria, 3 (2 MACN, 1 MVZ); Isla Victoria, Piedras Blancas, 1 (CML); San Martin de los Andes, 71 km SE, 5 (MVZ); Villa La Angostura, 19 km N, along Hwy. 234, 4 (2 CML, 1 IAD1ZA-CM, 1 OMNH). RIO NE¬ GRO: El Bolson, 9 (7 MACN, 2 MVZ); El Bolson, 3 km N, 1 (MVZ); Lago Perito Moreno, 1 (MVZ); Paso Flores, 1 (MVZ). Additional Records.— NEUQUEN: Corral de Piedras (40°27’S) (Pearson and Pearson, 1989); Estancia Alicura (Pearson and Pearson, 1989); Estancia Chacabuco (Pearson and Pearson, 1989). RIO NEGRO: Bariloche, 4 km W (MVZ, not examined). 98 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 7 ]. Skull and teeth of Myotis keavsi Adult female from Agua Colorada, Tucuman Province (MACN). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 99 Myotis keaysi J. A. Allen Myotis ruber keaysi J. A. Allen, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 33: 383, 1914. Myotis keaysi keaysi: La Val, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Science Bulletin, 15:22, 1973. Type Locality .— Peru, Puno, Inca Mines. Distribution. — According to La Val (1973), M. k. keaysi is found only in the Andes of South America, in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Anderson et al. (1982) reported it from the departments of Tarija and Chuquisaca, Bolivia. Koopman (1982) showed the dis¬ tribution as including northwestern Bolivia. Myotis k. pilositabilis is found only in northern Venezuela. Distribution in Argentina. — Figure 70. Description (Fig. 71).— Six specimens from Ar¬ gentina collected by A. Fornes and identified as M. nigricans were compared with specimens of M. keaysi in the AMNH from Pena and Ecuador, and with the type specimen ( AMNH 15814). The specimens from Argen¬ tina are M. keaysi , although they differ in small details that can be ascribed to geographic or individual varia¬ tion. We later added several specimens from Tucuman Province, and they show the characteristic larger size of M. keaysi, in which the forearms are greater than 40 mm (they rarely exceed 35 mm in M. nigricans). The body appears robust. The pelage extends over at least one-third of the uropatagium and over the knee, although hair is not visible on the tibia. General color is dark brown with the dorsal hairs lightly bicolored, their bases darker. Many hairs have lighter tips, although without giving a frosted appearance. Ventral coloration is similar to that of M. /. dinellii , with the bases of the hairs dark brown, almost black, and the tips cream or light brown. The ears are large and rounded, their inter¬ nal margin quite convex; the distal one-half of the ex¬ ternal margin is almost straight or slightly concave and the basal half is strongly convex. The tragus is long, reaching half the length of the ear, and the tip is pointed (except for the dark tip, the tragus is pale colored). Wings and the uropatagium are wide and well developed. The skull is small, similar to M. nigricans, but with a weakly developed sagittal crest. Other species with sagittal crests include M. ruber and M. riparius, but are geographically isolated from M. keaysi ; M. tuber is reddish in color with a larger skulk Measurements. — Table 8. Comments. — Little is known about the biology of this species. Data indicate a distribution associated with moist forests of the Andes; most localities are above 2000 m (only a few lie between 1100 and 1800 m). Known localities in northeastern Tucuman are a mix¬ ture of transitional and montane forests near chacoan thorn scrub vegetation and isolated from the main moun¬ tain chain to the west. Specimens Examined (12). — SALTA: Salta Capi¬ tal, J (MACN). TUCUMAN: Agua C'olorada, 4 (3 MACN, 1 TTU); Arroyo Aguas Chiquitas, Reserva Pro¬ vincial Aguas Chiquitas, 2 (CML); El Nogalar, Ruta 307, 1700 m, 1 (CML); Piedra Tendida, 12 km WNW Burruyacu along Rio Cajon, 2,500 ft., 1 (OMNH); Ruta 307, 6 km S cruce con ruta a El Mollar, 1 CML); Tranquitas, 2 (1 CML, 1 MACN). Myotis levis (I. Geoffroy St.- Hilaire) Vespertilio levis I. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris, ser. 1,3:444-445, 1824. Myotis levis : La Val, Los Angeles County Mu¬ seum of Natural History Science Bulletin, 15:36, 1973. Type Locality ).— “Southern Brazil.” Distribution. — Known only from southern Bra¬ zil, southern Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, and south¬ ern Bolivia Two subspecies are recognized: M. I levis in eastern Argentina, including coastal Buenos Aires Province; and M. /. dinellii from southeastern Buenos Aires Province northward in a narrow band to Salta Province and southern Bolivia. Description (Figs. 72, 73, and 77h).— Since there are two subspecies of this species in Argentina, we de¬ scribe M. levis by comparing the morphology of the two subspecies. The subspecies are difficult to distin¬ guish except by size. M. 1. levis is slightly larger, there is less contrast between the bases and the tips of the dorsal hairs, and the feet are slightly more robust. In general, the subspecies can only be separated based on distribution and measurements. The description that follows emphasizes subspecific differences. 100 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 72. Myotis levis : (a) face, lateral view; (b) face, frontal view; and (c) uropatagium. Size is medium; length of forearm ranges from 35 to 4 J mm, less than 38 mm in M. /, dinellii. Hairs of the dorsum are bicolored, with the bases very dark brown or black; the tips are lighter, generally yellowish in M /. dinellii and brown in M. 1. levis . Bicoloration appears to vary' with age and is indistinct in juveniles. Ventrally, the bases of the hairs are dark, almost black, but the tips are cream colored. The membranes are com¬ pletely naked dorsal ly, except for the fringe of hairs on the base of the uropatagium that is characteristic of the species, a trait that is more evident in specimens from the provinces of Buenos Aires and Entre Rios (M /. levis). Ventrally, the pelage extends to the sides of the body and over the plagiopatagium and uropatagium; the latter is paler than the former. The ears are medium size, narrower, smaller, and less rounded, than in M. chiloensis. Some specimens from Hickman, Salta Prov¬ ince, are paler, resembling M. albescens. The skull is quite robust, the rostrum elongated, and the postorbital constriction narrow, generally less than 4 mm and even less in M. 1. dinellii. M. levis from Buenos Aires and Entre Rios provinces is easily sepa¬ rated from M. albescens by an examination of the skull. Generally, in M. albescens the mandibular toothrow, the maxillary toothrow, and the palate are smaller, while the postorbital constriction and braincase are larger. Comments .— In spite of a being a very abundant species, little is known of its biology. A difficulty is that specimens in museums frequently are misidentified as M. /. levis that are, in fact, other species. Lactating females have been found from late De¬ cember to late January in Aguas Chiquitas, Tucuman Province; in mid-January in Cuesta de la Sebila, Catamarca Province; and in Nacunan, Mendoza Prov¬ ince in mid-December. A pregnant female with a small fetus was collected in October in Las Juntas, Catamarca Province. Juveniles have been recorded in the middle of May in San Esteban, Cordoba Province and in early January in Amaicha del Valle, Tucuman Province. With respect to M. 1. levis , data are even more scarce. Some specimens in the TCWC collections from Delta del Parana de las Palmas, Buenos Aires Province, and Departamento Gualeguaychu, Entre Rios Province, collected in mid-January had cartilaginous phalanges. Myotis levis dinellii Thomas Myotis dinellii Thomas, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 7, 10:493, 1902. Myotis levis dinellii: La Val, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Science Bulletin, 15:39, 1973. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 101 Figure 73. Skull and teeth of Myotis levis dinellii. Adult male from Dique San Ignacio, Tucuman Province (CML 3 162). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. Type Locality .— Argentina, Tucuman, 456 m. Distribution in Argentina .— Figure 74. Measurements .— Table 9. Specimens Examined (298).— CATAMARCA: Andalgala, 2 (CM); Andalgala, 4 km S, 3 (2 CM, 1 MSB); Balneario El Caolin, 6 km NW Chumbicha, 4 (OMNFI); Balneario Municipal Capayan, Chumbicha, 1 (OMNFI); Chumbicha, 1 km N and W of balneario by road, 2,600 ft., 34 (9 CML, 9IADIZA-CM, 16 OMNFI); Cuesta del Clavillo, 5 km S La Banderita, 2 (CML); Cuesta La Sebila, FTwy 60, 2 (CM); El Rodeo, 900 m, 1 (CML); El Rodeo-La Junta, 2 (CML); Estancia Alto las Juntas, 2 (CML); Las Juntas, Estancia de los Figueroa, 50 kmNW Catamarca Ciudad, 3 (OMNFI); Mollecito, 102 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 68° 64° 60° 56° Figure 74. Map of the localities of Myotis levis dinellii. 30 km SE Andalgala, 3 (CML); Puesto Fronterizo 6 km W La Banderita, 6 (CML); Rio San Pablo, 3 km NW Concepcion, 1 (CM); Villa El Potrero, 1 (CML); Villa El Potrero (N Andalgala), El Potrero, 1 (CM). CORDOBA: Baigorria, 1 (CUNRC); Chancanl, 1 (C'UNRC); Cordoba, 9 (USNM); Cruz del Eje, 1 (CUNRC); La Paz, 6 (MACN); Las Estancias, 2 (CML); Los Cisnes, 4 (MACN); Los Hoyos, 1 (MACN); Rio Cuarto, 3 (SUVM); San Esteban, 1100 m, 3 (2 CML, 1 OMN.H); Tala Canada, 1250 m, 2 (MACN); Villa Dolores, 6 (TTU). LA PAMPA: Caleu Caleu, 8 (1 FMNH, 7 MACN); General Pico, 1 (MACN); Laguna Colorada Grande, Caleu Caleu, 2 ( MACN). LA RIOJA: Chilecito, 6 (MACN); Estacion Patquia, Guayapa, 1 (CML); San Bias de los Sauces, 4 km SE San Bias, 9 (CML); Villa Union, 9 (MACN). MENDOZA: BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 103 Table 9. Measurements o/Myotis levis dinellii, Myotis levis levis, cmd Myotis nigricans. For a descrip¬ tion of the measurements, see the Materials and Methods. Mean, standard deviation, and sample size are followed by range. Variable Myotis levis dinellii Myotis levis levis Myotis nigricans Total length 86.0±4,8I, 39 89.0 1 7.78, 15 81.3 1 5.01,20 77.0 - 97.0 72.0 - 99.0 74.0- 92.0 Tail length 38.1 ±3.95, 34 38.0 1 4,08, 15 35.2 12.88, 20 22.0 - 44.0 27.0-41.0 30.0 - 40.0 Hind foot length 7.51 1 11, 38 7.8 1 1.30, 14 6.610,72, 20 4.0- 1 1.0 6.0- 11.0 5.7 - 8.0 Ear length 13.812.20,39 14.1 1 1.27, 15 13.01 1.87, 20 7.0 - 19.0 12.0- 16.0 10.0 - 15.7 Forearm length 36.4 1 0.92, 39 36.9 1 1 20, 16 33.71 I..21, 19 34.3 - 38.5 35.0 - 39.3 32.0 - 36.2 Weight 5.210.93, 31 7.01 1.30, 7 5.21 1.08, 18 4.0 - 8.0 5.0-9.0 3.8 - 8.0 Condylobasal length 13.410.35,40 14.010.34, 15 12.710.29, 23 12.5- 14.4 13.2 - 14.4 12.2 - 13.5 Least interorbital breadth 4.610.15, 9 4.910.16, 15 4.61 0,12, 19 4.4-4.8 4.7 - 5.2 44-4.8 Zygomatic breadth 8.610.23,26 9.210.13, 6 8.4 10.22, 10 8.3 - 9.0 9.1 -9.5 8.2-8.8 Greatest length of skull 14.3 1 0.29, 40 14.71 0.27, 15 13.4 10.31, 23 13,8- 15.0 14.3 - 15.2 12.9- 14.3 Postorbital constriction 3.510.10, 40 3.810.11, 15 3.410.12, 23 3.3 - 3.8 3.6-4.0 3.2 -3.7 Breadth of braincase 6.910.25, 40 7.3 ±0.30, 15 6.510.23,23 6.4 - 7.4 6.9 - 7.7 6.1 -7.1 Length of maxillary toothrow 5.4 1 0.17, 39 5.5 10.15, 15 5.010.13, 23 5.2 - 5.9 5.3 - 5.9 4.8 - 5.4 Palatal length 7.1 ±0.31, 32 7.21 0.21, 14 6.310,22, 19 6.6-79 7.0-7.6 6.0 - 6.9 Mastoidal breadth 7.2 10.14, 37 7.6 1 0.18, 15 6.910.12, 23 69-7.5 7.2-7.9 6.7-7.2 Length of mandibular toothrow 5.810.14, 27 5.9 ±0.14, 15 5.3 1 0.18, 21 5.5 -6.1 5.7 -6.2 5.0-5.6 Length of mandible 10.4 10.25, 37 10.810.30, 15 9.810.20, 21 9.8 - 10 8 10.2 -11.2 9.4 - 10.1 C-C (width across canines) 3.5 10.10, 36 3.8 ± 0.13, 14 3.41 0.12, 19 3.3 -3.7 3.6 -4.0 3.2 - 3.7 M-M (width across molars) 5.610.18, 37 5.9 ±0.16, 14 5.3 10.13, 22 5.2-6.0 5.8 -6.3 5.1 -5.6 Cacheuta, 2 (1 BMNH, 1 FCM); Cerro de la Gloria, 2 (IADIZA-CM); Lavalle, 1 (IAD1ZA-CM); Malargue, 4 (MACN); Mendoza, 3 (1 MCZ, 2 USNM); Nacunan, 17 (16 IADIZA-CM, 1 OMNH); Reserva Ecologica Nacunan, 1 (IADIZA-CM); Reserva Telteca, 1 (OMNH); Uspallata, 4 (MACN). NEUQUEN: Neuquen, 400 m, 1 (BMNH) SALTA: Buena Vista, 1 (TTU); Cachi, 1 (CML); Campo Santo, I (ROM); Gen¬ eral Giiemes, Ruta 34 km 1363, 2 (1 ROM, 1 TCWC); Guachipas, 1 (MACN); Guachipas, Iglesia, 2 (TCWC); Giiemes, 1 (MACN); Hickman, 3 (CML); Horcones, 1 (ROM); La Merced, 2 (TCWC); Rosario de Lerma, Escuela Gurruchaga, 1 (MACN); Salta Capital, 2 (1 TCWC, 1 TTU); San Lorenzo, 1 (TCWC); Santa Victoria Oeste, 2200 m, 2 (MACN); Upper Cachi, 1 (BMNH); Valle de Lerma, 1200 m, 1 (BMNH). SAN .ILIAN: Ischigualasto, 1 (CML); Las Tumanas, along Hwy 510 at crossing of Rio Tumanas, 1 (IADIZA-CM); 104 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 75. Map of the localities of Myotis levis levis. Pedernal, 1 (OMNH). SAN LUIS: La Toma, 13 (MACN); Naschel, 1 (ROM): Quebrada de Lopez, San Francisco del Monte de Oro, 1 (OMNH); Saladillo, Rio Quinto, 1 (MACN); San Luis, 4 (MACN). TUCUMAN: Agua Rosada, San Pedro de C’olalao, 2 (CML); Aguas Chiquitas, 25 km NE San Miguel de Tucuman, 800 m, 5 (CM); Amaicha del Valle, 2000 m, 1 (OMNH); Ar¬ royo El Salton, Reserva Provincial Santa Ana, 4 (CML); Colalao del Valle, 2500 m, 1 (BMNH); Concepcion, 4 (3 BMNH, 1 FMNH); Dique Escaba, 3 (CML); Dique San Ignacio, 1 (CML); Horco Molle, Parque Biologico Sierra de San Javier, 10 (CML); Horco Molle, Residencia Universitaria, 1 (CML); La Cienaga, 2500 m, 1 (BMNH); La Higuera, 1 (CML); La Rinconada, 1 BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 105 (CML); Las Pavas, Aconquija, 1 (M ACN); Las Talas, 4 kra al N de Bella Vista, 3 (S1G); Leocadio Paz, 1 (MACN); Norco, Vipos, 2500 rn, 2 (BMNH); Parque Provincial El Cochuna, km 40 sobre ruta 47, 1 (CML); Rio Pueblo Viejo, Reserva Provincial La Florida, 2 (CML); San Pedro de Colalao, south of, at km marker 42, on Hwy 364, 4,700 ft, 13 (3 CML, 3 1ADIZA-CM, 7 OMNH); Tacanas, 1 (CML); Tafi de Valle, 2200 m, 1 (CML); Tucuman, 400 m, 3 (BMNH); Tucuman, 450 m, 2 (MACN); Tucuman, 456 m, 2 (BMNH); Tucuman, no specific locality, 1 (BMNH); Vipos, Estancia San Pedro, 5 (CML). Additional Records.— BUENOS AIRES: Bahia Blanca (Baud, 1979). CATAMARCA: Las Juntas, 50 km NW Catamarca Ciudad (Mares et al., 1996) (= Las Juntas, Estancia de los Figueroa, 50 kmNW Catamarca Ciudad). CORDOBA: Espinillo (Tiranti and Torres, 1998); Paso del Durazno (Tiranti and Torres, 1998); Rio Cuarto (Tiranti and Torres, 1998); Segunda Usina (Tiranti and Tones, 1998); Villa Walcarde (MVZ, not examined). LA PAMPA: Agua de Tones (Santis and Justo, 1978). MENDOZA: Departamento San Carlos (Roig, 1965); El Challao (Roig, 1965); Mendoza (MVZ, not examined); Puesto Lima (Roig, 1965). SALTA: C'afayate (La Val, 1973; Romana and Abalos, 1950); Departamento San Carlos (Yepes, 1944); Finca La Rosa, Cafayate, 2000 m (Villa-R. and Villa-C' , 1971); La Merced, 1200 m (La Val, 1973); Rio Blanco, 35 km SW Salta (Villa-R. and Villa-C, 1971); Salta (La Val, 1973); Termas de Rosario de La Frontera (Romana and Abalos, 1950). SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO: Ojo de Agua (Romana and Abalos, 1950). Myotis levis levis (I. Geoffroy St.- Hilaire) Vespertilio levis I. Geoffroy St.- Hilaire, Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Paris, ser. 1, 3:444-445, 1824. Myotis levis levis : La Val, Los Angeles County Museum Natural History Science Bulletin, 15:38, 1973. Type Locality .—“Southern Brazil.” Distribution in Argentina. — Figure 75. Measurements. — Table 9. Specimens Examined (81).— BUENOS AIRES: Bahia Blanca, 1 (MACN); Canal 15, 1 (ROM); Capital Federal, 9 (MACN); Chascomus, 1 (MACN); Delta del Parana de las Palmas, 1 (TCWC); Estancia El Casalito, Ruta 226 ca. km 98, 3 (MSU); Estancia La Esperanza, 5 (CML); Ezpeleta, l (FCM); La Plata, 3 (MLP); Lavalle, 1 (USNM); Libres del Sur, 1 (MACN); Loberia, 15 km SW, 2 (MACN); Lobos, I (MACN); Maipu, 1 (TTU); Mar del Plata, 1 (ROM); Punta Rasa, Cabo San Antonio, 1 (OMNH); Rancho Los Yngleses, Ajo, 10 (BMNH); Ruta 2 y puente del Canal 2, 2 (MACN); San Pedro, vuelta de Rocha, 1 (MACN); Tandil, 2 (MACN). ENTRJB RIOS : Brazo Largo. 2 (TTU); Departamento Gualeyguachu, 7 (TCWC); Estacion Medanos, 2 (TTU); Estacion Paranacito, 2 (FCM); 1 slas de Ibicuy, Paranacito, 4 (TTU) MISIONES: 6 km NE by High¬ way 2 ofjct. Highway 2 and Arroyo Paraiso, 1 (CML); Jet. Hwy 2 and Arroyo Paraiso, 13 (8 CML, 5 IADIZA- CM ); Jet. Hwy 21 and Arroyo Oveja Negra. approx. 2 km W Parque Provincial Mocona, 1 (CML). SANTA FE: Santa Fe, 1 (M..FA). Additional Records. — BUENOS AIRES: General Lavalie, 20 mi S (La Val, 1973). ENT.RE RIOS: Parque Nacional El Palmar (Massoia and Di Lorio, 1981). Myotis nigricans (Schinz) Vespertilio nigricans Schinz, Naturgeschichte und Abbildungen der Saugethiere. Das Thierreich eingetheilt nach dem Ban der Thiere a Is Grundlage ihrer Naturgeschichte und der vergleichenden Anatomie von dem Herrn Ritter von Cuvier. Saugethiere und Vogel. J. G. Cotta’schen Buchhandlung, Stuttgart und Tubingen, 1:179, 1821. Myotis nigricans : Miller, North American Fauna, 13:74, 1897. Type Locality. — The type specimen was collected by Wied-Neuwied in Fazenda do Aga, near the Rio Iritiba, Espirito Santo, Brazil. This specimen is appar¬ ently lost, as it has not been located in the museums of Europe (Carter and Dolan, 1978), or in the AMNH where a large part of the Wied-Neuwied collection is deposited (La Val, 1973), La Val (1973) designated as a neotype an adult female (Los Angeles County Museum, No. 36877) from 42 km S Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Distribution .— This species is widely distributed in South America. The only subspecies known from Ar¬ gentina is Myotis n. nigricans (Schinz), which agrees with Wilson and La Val (1974). It occurs in almost all 106 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 68° 64° 60° 56° Figure 76. Map of the localities of Myotis nigricans. tropical and subtropical forests up to 3150 m, but is less common above 1200 m. It also is found in savan¬ nas and brushy habitats. Two other subspecies are found in South America (La Val, 1973): M n. punensis occurs on the west coast from northern Peru to central Colom¬ bia, and M. n. caucensis occurs in the Andes of Colom¬ bia, Ecuador, and Peru. Distribution in Argentina (Fig. 76).— Like M. albescens , M. nigricans is widely distributed, but cap¬ tures are relatively uncommon. Many specimens in vari¬ ous collections were found to be misidentified or uni¬ dentified. Description (Figs. 77a, 77b, 77f, and 78).— La Val (1973) and Wilson and LaVal (1974) described this species, but the following description is based on Ar¬ gentine specimens. This species is highly variable ex¬ ternally and cranially. Dorsal hairs are generally unicolored. In specimens from Tucuman Province and Departamento Oran, Salta Province, the tips are slightly paler, but not as much so as in M. levis; those from Pozo Hondo, Estancia el Guapo, Santiago del Estero, are even paler than other specimens examined. In these, the dor¬ sal coloration is similar to that of the tips of the hairs of M levis, but the marked contrast with the bases is lack¬ ing. In specimens from Chaco and Corrientes, the BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 107 Figure 77, Comparison of characteristics of Myotis: (a) frontal view of face of Myotis nigricans ; (b) lateral view of face of Myotis nigricans', (c) tragus of Myotis ruber ; (d) tragus of Myotis riparius ; (e) tragus of Myotis si nuts; (f) tragus of Myotis nigricans; (g) uropatagiurn of Myotis albescens; (h) uropatagiurn of Myotis levis dinellii; and (i) uropatagiurn of Myotis sinnts. 108 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 78. Skull and teeth of Myotis nigricans. Adult male from Rio Porteno, Formosa Province (OMNH 1 8889). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. bicoloration of the dorsal hairs is distinct, making them appear similar toM. ripanus from Misiones and to some atypical specimens of M. albescens. Ventrally the hairs are bicolored, with the bases dark brown or black and the tips paler (varying between yellow, cream, or whit¬ ish). The membranes are dark, almost black, and prac¬ tically naked. The skull is small, the rostrum short, and the sag¬ ittal crest normally absent, although it may be present in atypical specimens. The presence of a sagittal crest and a P2 displaced to the lingual side of the toothrow are characteristics of M. riparius. These characters nor¬ mally are not found in M. nigricans , although both spe¬ cies can be confused externally. BARQUEZETAL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 109 Apparently much geographic and individual varia¬ tion exists. La Val (1973) indicated that intraspecific variation is more pronounced in length measures, in ra¬ tios involving measurements of skull width and shape, and in color of the pelage. Measurements .— Table 9. Comments .— This is a well-studied Neotropical species, yet information on its taxonomy and biology in central and southern South America is incomplete and confused. Specimens from Argentina suggest a vari¬ able species with numerous races, but insufficient ma¬ terial is available for statistical analyses. Wilson (1971) studied this species on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, and other studies have also examined its biology (Ibanez Ulargui, 1981; Mares and Wilson, 1971; Myers, 1977; Willig, 1983; Wilson and Findley, 1970, 1971), but none refer to Argentina. This species is most common in areas modified by people, but it also occurs in forests. We have col¬ lected them from roofs of rural dwellings, below bridges (see comments about G. soricina), and beneath tree bark in Piquirenda Viejo, Salta. J. R, Contreras (personal communication) captured specimens from Capitan Solari, La Forestal, Chaco, underneath roofs of rural sheds constructed of palm trunks. Wilson and Findley (1970) found that the gesta¬ tion period lasts about 60 days (this is apparently is re¬ lated to food availability) and weaning occurs about the second or third week. Males become sexually active after 15 to 17 weeks In the forests of Salta, we found reproductively inactive males in August and active ones in November. Specimens Examined (107).— CHACO: Capitan Solari, La Forestal, 2 (OMNH); El Mangrullo, 20 km NNW by road and 11 km NE by road, 5 (2 CML, 2 IADIZA-CM, 1 OMNH); General Vedia, 1 (TTU); Northern Chaco, 1 (BMNH); Rio de Oro, General Vedia, 3 (FCM); Taco Pozo, 77 km NE, sobre picada 20, J (CML). CORFUENTF.S; Corrientes, 1 (CML); Itati, 1 (BMNH); Laguna Brava, 2 (OMNH); Laguna Paiva, B° Las Lomas, 16 (CML). FORMOSA: Bouvier, 2 (TTU); Clorinda, 1 (MACN); Estancia Las Mercedes, 1 (TTU); Estanislao del C'ampo, 2 (1 ROM, 1 TTU); Rio Porteno, 5 km S Estancia Santa Catalina, 1 (OMNH). JUJUY: Laguna La Brea, 1 (CML); Laguna La Brea, 25 km W Palma Sola, 4 (2 CML, 2 OMNH); Santa Barbara, 1 (AMNH). MISIONES: Coloma Martires, Puerto Candelaria, 1 (MACN); Libertad, 3 (MACN). SALTA: Algarrobal, 20 km E General Giiemes, 1 (OMNH); Escuela Gurruchaga, Rosario de Lerma, 1 (TTU); FincaAbra Grande, 1 (OMNH); Oran, 15 km S, 15 km W, along Rio Santa Maria, 1 (CM); Piquirenda Viejo, 6 km W, 2 (1 CML, 1 OMNH); San Ramon de la Nueva Oran, 2 (CML); Santa Maria, sobre Rio Santa Maria, 1 (CML); Tonono, 1 km F. sobre Rio Itiyuro, 1 (CML). SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO: Nueva Esperanza, 15 (8 MACN, 1 TCWC, 6 TTU); Pozo Hondo, Estancia El Guapo, 2 (CML); San Pedro, 1 (TTU); Santo Domingo, 21 (5 CML, 6 IADIZA-CM, 10 OMNH). TUCUMAN: Acheral, 1 (CML), Agua Colorada, 1 (TTU); Cerro del Campo, 900 m, 1 (CML); El Cadillal, 25 km N San Miguel de Tucuman, 1 (CM); El Naranjo, 1 (TTU); Piedra Tendida, 12 km WNW Burruyacu along Rio C'ajon, 2,500 ft., 1. (OMNH); Senda del Pluviometro, 800 m, Horco Molle, 1 (CML); Tafi Viejo, 1 (CML). Additional Records. —CATAMARCA: Cata- marca, Ciudad (Romana and Abalos, 1950); La Puerta (Romana and Abalos, 1950). FORMOSA: Bartolome de Las Casas (Massoia, 1970); Parque Nacional Rio Pilcomayo (S. Heinonen F. and R. M. Barquez, in litt.). JUJUY: Arroyo La Urbana, 45 km E y 5.4 km SE San Salvador de Jujuy, 620 m (La Val, 1973); El Monolito (Olrog, 1979); Yuto (Olrog, 1959). MISIONES: Departamento C’ainguas (Massoia, 1980); Depailamento Capital (Massoia, 1980); Dos de Mayo, Paraje km 51 (Massoia and Chebez, 1989); Los Helechos, Escuela n° 12 (Massoia et al., 1990). SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO: Campo Gallo (Romana and Abalos, 1950); El Zanjon (Romana and Abalos, 1950); Herrera (Romana and Abalos, 1950); La Banda (Romana and Abalos, 1950); La Fragua (Romana and Abalos, 1950); Pozo Hondo, Estancia El Guapo (La Val, 1973); Sumampa (Romana and Abalos, 1950). TUCUMAN: Burruyacu (Romana and Abalos, 1950); Monte Bello (Romana and Abalos, 1950); San Pedro de C'olalao (Romana and Abalos, 1950); Tafi del Valle (Romana and Abalos, 1950); Tucuman, ciudad (Romana and Abalos, 1950). 110 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 68° 64° 60° 56° Figure 79. Map of the localities of Myotis riparius. Myotis riparius Handley Myotis simus riparius Handley, Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 112:466-468, 1960. Myotis riparius : La Val, Los Angeles County Mu¬ seum of Natural History Science Bulletin, 15:32-33, 1973. Type Locality. — Panama, Darien, Villa Tacarcuna, Rio Pucro, 975 m. We have not modified the specific name to agree in gender with the generic name (Woodman, 1993). Distribution .— According to La Val (1973) and Koopman (1993), the distribution includes most of South America, except western Peru, southwestern Bolivia, Chile, and most of Argentina. Distribution in Argentina .— Figure 79. Description (Figs. 77d and 80).— Specimens from Argentina are similar to M. nigricans from Chaco and Corrientes. In contrast to M. nigricans, M. riparius has a sagittal crest and the P2 is displaced to the lingual side of the toothrow. A specimen from Uruguay, 40 km NW Tacuarembo (CML) is similar to those from Misiones, although the pelage is redder. Argentine speci¬ mens are cinnamon brown dorsal ly, and the base of the hair is darker. The tips of many of the hairs are bright yellow, giving a frosted appearance, although this is less pronounced than inM albescens. La Val (1973) reported that color varies from dark gray to bright cinnamon. Ventral hairs are bicolored, with the hairs dark brown to black basally and the tips pale, cream, or yellowish. Wing membranes join the body at the base of the pha¬ langes. Ears are small, narrow, and the tips rounded; the internal margin is straight; the tragus is straight to the distal one-half and then widens, becoming convex in the basal one-half, where it terminates in a small lobe. The calcar is well developed, extending about one-half the distance between the tip of the tail and the foot; tibia are long. The skull is similar to other Myotis , differing by the presence of a low sagittal crest and by the small P2 that is displaced to the lingual side of the toothrow. Be¬ cause of this arrangement, the P2 is not visible in lat¬ eral view, a trait that also is found in M. simus. M. riparius from Argentina can only be confused (exter¬ nally) with some M. nigricans, and with some M. ruber that are not bright red, although M. ruber is larger. Measurements. — Table 10. Comments. — The biology of this species is poorly known and no data are available for Argentina. Brosset and Charles-Dominique (1990) found this species to be rare in French Guiana, but reported it as widespread in BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 111 Figure 80. Skull and teeth ofMyoiis riparius. Adult male from Tacuarembo, Uruguay (CML). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. the Amazon rain forest. La Val (1973) noted that this species exhibits little geographic variation over its range. Barquez and Ojeda (1992) found a pregnant female (one fetus = 5 mm CRL) under the bark of a quebracho (Schinopsis) tree in Colonia km 503, 16 km S, Formosa Province. Specimens collected at Santo Domingo, Santiago del Estero Province, were living under the roof of a dwelling in the small town in colonies of about 50 individuals. Other species also roosting under the roof were M. nigricans, M. albescens , and Molossus mo loss us. Specimens Examined (30).— CHACO: Taco Pozo, 77 km NE, sobre picada 20,4 (2 CML, 2 IA.DIZA- CM). CORRIENTES: Ituzaingo, 25 km E, 1 (AMNH). FORMOSA: Colonia km 503, 16 km S, 2 (1 CML, 1 IAD1ZA-CM); Puesto Dtvisadero, 35 bn S, 5 km E Ing. Guillermo N. Juarez, 1 (CML); Rio Bermejo, 10 112 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Table 10. Measurements o/Myotis riparius, Myotis ruber, and Myotis simus. For a description of the measurements, see the Materials and Methods. Mean, standard deviation, and sample size are followed by range. Variable Myotis ripana Myotis ruber Myotis sima Total length 44.4 ±2.62, 3 42.0 - 47.2 87.2 ±2.55, 2 85.4 - 89.0 95.0, 1 Tail length 32 6 ±3.86, 3 28.2 - 35.4 37.2 ± 1.70, 2 36.0 - 38.4 40.0, 1 Hindfoot length 6.9, 1 7 1 ± 1.56,2 6,0-8.2 8,0, 1 Ear length 10.7 ± 1.79, 3 8.6- 11.7 14.3 ± 1.84, 2 13.0- 15.6 12.0, 1 Forearm length 35.1 ±0.90, 3 34.2 - 36.0 38.4 ±0.92, 2 37.7 - 39.0 41.0, 1 Weight 5.910.10, 3 5.8 -6.0 6.8 ± 1.13, 2 6.0-7.6 Condylobasal length 4.6, 1 14.1 ±0.00, 2 14.1 - 14.1 13.7, 1 Least interorbital breadth 4.9 ±0.14, 2 4.8 -5.0 5.5, 1 Zygomatic breadth 9.4 ±0.14, 2 9.3 -9.5 9.4, 1 Greatest length of skull 13.7, 1 14.7 ±0.00,2 14.7 - 14.7 14.2, 1 Postorbital constriction 3.4, 1 3.7 ±0.00, 2 3.7 - 3.7 4.2, 1 Breadth of braincase 7.2 ±0.21,2 7,0 - 7.3 1.9, 1 Length of maxillary toothrow 5.2, 1 5.8 ±0.21, 2 5.6 - 5.9 5.3, 1 Palatal length 6.9 ±0.07, 2 6.8-6.9 5.4, 1 Mastoidal breadth 7.8 ±0.7, 2 7.7-7.8 8.1, 1 Length of mandibular toothrow 5.3, 1 6.4 ±0.07, 2 6.3 -6.4 5.6, 1 Length of mandible 10.0, 1 11.4 ± 0.14, 2 11.3 - 11.5 11.1, l C-C (width across canines) 3.7, 1 4.3 ±0.21,2 42-4.3 4.1, 1 M-M (width across molars) 5.5, ! 6.0 ± 0.21, 2 5.8-6.1 6.0, 1 mi S Colonia km 503, 1 (CML). MISIONES: Parque Nacionai Iguazu, cataratas, 2 (OMNH); Parque Nacional Iguazu, ex aeropuerto, 2 (CML). SALTA: Piquirenda Viejo, 6 km W, 1 (CML). SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO: Santo Domingo, 10 (CML). TUCIJMAN: Arroyo Aguas Chiquitas, Reserva Provincial Aguas Chiquitas, 1 (CML); Arroyo El Salton, Reserva Provincial Santa Ana, 1 (CML); Cuesta del 25, 3 km N entrada al Dique El Cadillal, 1 (CML); Dique El Cadillal, 25 km N San Miguel de Tucuman, 1 (CM); Piedra Tendida, 5 km W de Dique El Cajon, 1 (CML); Rio Pueblo Viejo, Reserva Provincial La Florida, 1 (CML). Additional Records .— FORMOSA: Parque Nacional Rio Pilcomayo (S, Heinonen F. and R. M. Barquez, in litt.). BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 113 Figure 81. Map of the localities of Myotis ruber. Myotis ruber (E. Geoffroy St.- Hilaire) Vesper til 10 ruber E. Geoffroy St.- Hilaire, Annales du Museum d’Histoire NatureUe, Paris, 8:204, 1806. Myotis ruber\ Thomas, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 7, 10:493, 1902. Type Locality .— Restricted to Asuncion, Paraguay, by Miller and Allen (1928). The type apparently was based on one of the bats of Azara (Chave-souris onzieme). The type specimen has not been found in Eu¬ ropean museums and apparently is lost. La Val (1973) designated an adult male (USNM 115097) from de Sapucay, Paraguay, 300 m, as the neotype. Distribution .— This species is known only from southern Brazil, southern Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina. Distribution in Argentina (Fig. 81).— This is a rare species. Cabrera (1930) included it in Corrientes Province assuming that d’Orbigny obtained a specimen from that locality with the precise location supposedly given in his Atlas Zoologie (d’Orbigny, 1836). Cabrera (1958) included it in Misiones and Corrientes, but only as a synonym of M. levis. M. ruber was erroneously listed for the province of Tucuman by Lucero (1983). Description (Figs. 77c and 82).— Size is large for the genus; forearm lengths for specimens from Misiones Province are 37.7 and 39 mm. Dorsal colora¬ tion is bright red, the hairs essentially unicolored (slightly darker at the base); the venter is paler (reddish yellow) with the bases of the hairs dark brown, making a strong contrast between the bases and tips. Membranes and ears are dark, almost black. Some specimens of M. simus resemble M. ruber , but the pelage of M. simus is much shorter, does not extend over the uropatagium, and the membrane is attached to the body at the ankle (in M. ruber it attaches to the body at the first phalanx of the foot). Ears are wide and long, larger than in M. simus and with wider and rounded tips. The tragus has a basal lobe. La Val (1973) noted that some specimens of M. riparius could be confused with this species, but ruber is larger. The most distinctive characteristics are the well-developed sagittal crest and the size of the skull. 114 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 82. Skull and teeth of Myotis ruber. Adult male from Parque Nacional Iguazu, Misiones Province (OMNH 18882). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. Measure m en ts. — Ta b le 10. Comments.- Biology and ecology essentially un¬ known. Mares et al. (1995) captured an adult male with small scrotal testes in December in Misiones Province, jet. Hwy 21 and Arroyo Oveja Negra, approx. 2 km W Parque Provincial Mocona, in a mature wet forest. The M. ruber was captured along with Artibeus liluratus, Vampyressa pusilla, and Myotis levis. Specimens Examined (3).— MISIONES: Jet. Hwy 21 and Arroyo Oveja Negra, approx. 2 km W Parque Provincial Mocona, 1 (CML); Parque Nacional Iguazu, 2 (1 MACN, 1 OMNH). Additional Records. — CORRJENTES: Corrientes (Cabrera, 1958). FORMOSA: Parque Nacional Rio Pilcomayo (S. Heinonen F. and R. M. Barquez, in l itt.). MISIONES: Misiones (no specific locality; Cabrera, 1958). BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 115 Figure 83. Map of the localities of Myotis simus. Myotis simus Thomas Myotis simus Thomas, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 7, 7:541, 1901. Type Locality .— Peru, Loreto, Saracayu, Rio Ucayali. We have not modified the specific name to agree in gender with the generic name (Woodman, 1993). Distribution. — This species is restricted to the rain forests of the Amazon basin in Peru, Ecuador, southern Colombia, and Brazil (La Val, 1973). Myers and Wetzel (1979) included it in Paraguay and Anderson et al. (1982) reported it for Bolivia. Distribution in Argentina. — Figure 83. Description (Figs. 77e, 77i, and 84).— This is one of the most easily identifiable species in Argentina. The short pelage (slightly longer on the venter) gives the appearance of felt. Color is strongly ochraceous, yel¬ lowish, or orange, generally yellower on the venter. Membranes are naked and the pelage does not extend over the uropatagium. Ears are small and narrow, with the upper one-half of the external margin of the ear slightly concave and the lower one-half convex; the tra¬ gus is well developed, about 5 mm long, and slightly wider at the base. The skull is robust, the braincase globose, and the sagittal crest developed. The P2 is displaced to the lin¬ gual side of the toothrow, a trait shared with M. riparius. Measurements. — Table 10. Comments. — The biology is almost unknown. Fomes (19726) captured it in mist nets along with Desmodus rotundas, Sturnira lilium , Dasypterus ega, Noctilio leporinus, and Eptesicus sp. The Formosa speci¬ men was a subadult female captured 25 April; an adult male from Comentes was captured 2 September. In Peru it has been reported from altitudes below 600 m (Koopman, 1978). Myers and Wetzel (1979) captured it in Paraguay roosting with N. albiventris in a hollow quebracho tree ( Aspidospermum)\ they also noted that females were pregnant in October, each with one em¬ bryo, In eastern Paraguay, Myers and Wetzel (1983) collected this species in chacoan vegetation. 116 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 84. Skul l and teeth of Myotis simus. Adult female from Beni, Bolivia (CML). Bar= 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. Specimens Examined (1).— CORJRJENTES: Isla Apipe, 1 (MACN). Additional Records .— FORMOSA: Estancia Las Mercedes (Fornes, 1972Z>); Parque Nacional Rio Pilcomayo (S. Heinonen F. and R. M. Barquez, in lift.). BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 117 Genus Epiesicus This genus, which is almost worldwide in distri¬ bution, contains about 33 species. Five species are known from South America and three occur in Argen¬ tina. It is similar to Myotis, but larger (except E. diminutus). Two characters are useful for field identifi¬ cation: the absence of hair from the base of the uropatagium, and the blunt tragus. The tragus is pointed in Myotis, The snout of Epiesicus is more swollen than that of Myotis ; 11 and 12 are unequal in size, and only PI is present. In Myotis , the incisors are almost equal in size and three upper premolars are present. The distance between the canine and the first molar is greater in Myotis than in Epiesicus , in which this space is reduced. The dental formula is I 2/3, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3, total 32, The dental formula, while differing from Myotis (which has 38 teeth), is like Histiotus. It cannot be con¬ fused with Histiotus, however, because of external and cranial characters. The skulls of the three Argentine spe¬ cies of Epiesicus are very similar, differing mainly in size and in the development of the sagittal crest. Davis (1966) and Williams (1978) reviewed the South American species of Epiesicus , and Myers et al. (1983) suggest that all three species are sympatric in the Rio Parana drainage basin. They can be distinguished by size, although overlap may exist: E. brasiliensis is large; E.furinalis is medium-sized; and E. diminutus is small. Misidentifications are likely due to variation in characters such as color and size, and because of sexual dimorphism. Small males of E. fur in ai is can be con¬ fused with large females of E. diminutus, and large fe¬ males of j E.furinalis can be confused with small males of E. brasiliensis. Williams (1978) found that the best characters for species discrimination are the length of the mandible (measured from the external face of the incisors to the posterior point of the angular process) and the length of the mandibular toothrow (measured from the alveolus of the canine to that of the last molar). When these mea¬ surements are plotted, there is little overlap between species. However, many of the specimens examined are difficult to identify because their characteristics are in¬ termediate between one species and another, especially between E.furinalis and E. brasiliensis. Villa-R. and Villa-C. (1969) identified specimens from Jujuy Province as E. innoxius using the key of Davis (1965). Later, Villa-R. and Villa-C. (1971) re¬ identified them as E.f furinalis, following Davis (1966). Greenhall et al. (19836) considered these specimens and those inhabiting the arid and semiarid areas from Jujuy to Mendoza as E. innoxius, including a specimen from Nacunan studied by Massoia (1976). However, we be¬ lieve these specimens are E.furinalis. Eptesicus brasiliensis (Desmarest) Vespertilio brasiliensis Desmarest, Nouveau dictionnaire d’histoire naturelle, appliquee aux art, principalement a [’agriculture, et a feconomie rurale et domestique; par une societe de naturalistes, Nouvelle edition, presqu entierement refondue et considerablement augmentee. Ch. Deterville, Paris, 35:478, 1819. Eptesicus brasiliensis : Thomas, Annals and Maga¬ zine of Natural Hisory, ser. 9, 5:367, 1920 Type Locality .— Brazil, Goias. Distribution .— Four subspecies are found in South America: E. b. melanopterus in most of the Ama¬ zon basin, the Guianas, and Venezuela; E , b. thomasi in the western Amazon basin of Brazil, Peru, and Ecua¬ dor; E. b. brasiliensis in eastern Brazil; and E. b. argentinus in southern Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, east¬ ern Argentina, and extreme eastern Bolivia. E. b. argentinus is the only one found in Argentina. The gen¬ eral distribution given above is that of Davis (1966), although he cites no Bolivian records and later studies do not mention it in Bolivia (Anderson, 1997; Ander¬ son et al., 1982; Anderson and Webster, 1983). Its seems to be rare in Paraguay and was not cited for the country by Myers and Wetzel (1983), although Myers et al. (1983) recorded its presence. The distribution of this subspecies given by Davis (1966) appears exaggerated considering the few data that are available and errors that occurred in listing localities (below). Eptesicus brasiliensis argentinus Thomas Eptesicus argentinus Thomas, Annals and Maga¬ zine of Natural History, ser. 9, 4:365, 1920. Eptesicus brasiliensis argentinus : Cabrera, Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia," e lnstituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoologicas, 4:105, 1958. 118 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 85. Map of the localities of Eptesicus brasiliensis argentinus. Type Locality. — Argentina, Corrientes, Goya. Distribution in Argentina (Fig. 85).— After com¬ paring specimens with the type at the BMNH, only the type series and specimens from Puente sobre el Rio Bermejo, Chaco (Massoia, 1976) can be assigned to this subspecies. The collection of skins at BMNH contains eight specimens identified as E. argentinus (probably by Thomas): seven belong to the type series. Of these, four are males (a paratype) and three are females (two paratypes). Two of the males are relatively young with a felt-like pelage, cartilaginous phalanges, and forearm lengths of 36.0 and 36.5 mm. The other specimen is a male from Cruz del Eje, Cordoba, identified on the tag as Eptesicus cf. argentinus which is E, furinalis. Other specimens such as a male from Yuto, Jujuy (BMNH) mentioned by Thomas (19206) as E. hilarei, a female from La Maya, Cordoba (MVZ), probably those men¬ tioned by Massoia (1976) for Nacuhan (CEM), Mendoza, and those (MSB) from Potrero River Dike, Catamarca (Williams, 1978) are here treated as E. furinalis. Specimens examined from these last locali¬ ties are individuals with measurements at the upper range of the measurements of E. furinalis. Specimens in the CML collection from Huyamampa, Santiago del Estero and San Antonio de la Falda, Catamarca (Olrog, 1959) also pertain to this species. There is an apparent error in Davis (1966) in the placement of the localities for E. b. argentinus ; only two localities in Corrientes Province (Goya and Concepcion) are mentioned, but the latter is placed in Tucuman Province. The locality name “Concepcion” exists for towns in both Corrientes and Tucuman, We were unable to find specimens of E. b. argentinus from either location at the BMNH where specimens of E. furinalis from Concepcion, Tucuman, were examined (and were identified by Davis in 1965). Specimens from Gualeguaychu, Entre Rios, in the TCWC, TTU, and ROM collections are E. furinalis ; some are the same specimens cited by Fornes and Massoia (1967) as E. brasiliensis. Description (Figs. 86g).— Size is large for Ar¬ gentine Eptesicus, with the length of the forearm > 41 mm in adults, greatest length of skull > 16.7, and zygo¬ matic breadth > 12.0 mm. The dorsal coloration is light brown, with the bases of the hairs darker. Some speci- BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 119 Figure 86. Eptesicusfunnalis (a, b, c, d, f, and h), Eptesicus brasiliensis (g), and Eptesicus diminutus (e and i); (a) face, frontal view; (b) face, lateral view; (c) uropatagium; (d) tragus; (e) tragus; (f) hind foot; (g) forearm; (h) forearm; and (i) forearm. 120 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY mens of E. furinalis from arid and semiarid regions, particularly those from Huyamampa, Santiago del Estero, are similar in color to those of the type series of E. b. argentinus from Goya. In general terms, the external and cranial charac¬ ters are similar to those described for E. furinalis; they can only be discriminated by size (see measurements). Measurements, — Table 11. Comments. — Biology unknown. Data in the lit¬ erature are scarce and identification of the specimens to which they refer is unclear. Specimens Examined (9).— CORRIEMTES: Goya, 5 (BMNH); Goya, 600 m, 4 (BjMNH, including the type of Eptesicus argentinus). Additional Records. — CHACO: Puente sobre el Rio Bermejo (Massoia, 1976). CORRIENTES: Estancia El Pilar, 2 km de parada Tatare (Romana and Toranzos, 1947). Eptesicus diminutus Osgood Eptesicus diminutus Osgood, Field Museum of Natural History, Zoological Series, 10:197, 1915. Dobson (1885) described Vesperugo ( Vesperus ) dorianus from Misiones Province, but Thomas (19206) said that this was a synonym of E. furinalis. Osgood (1915) described E. diminutus based on specimens from Brazil, and Thomas (1920a) described E.fidelis based on specimens from Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina, Cabrera (1930) synonymized E. dorianus with E. furinalis and maintained E. fidelis as a valid species; later, Cabrera (1958) considered E. diminutus and E. fidelis to be distinct species. Davis (1966) included E. dorianus in the E. innoxius species group. Using the characters that identify this group, such as small fore¬ arm size, and the measurements of the specimens of Dobson and those of Thomas, Davis (1966) concluded that E. dorianus and E. fidelis were nonspecific. Davis maintained E. dorianus as the valid name for the small species from South America and recognized two sub¬ species; E. d. dorianus (Dobson, 1885) and E. d. diminutus. Davis considered E. fidelis Thomas to be a synonym of E. dorianus. Williams (1978) suggested that the best way to treat the name E. dorianus would be to designate it as a nomen dubium, based on the holotype being too large for the small species of the genus. Williams (1978) fur¬ ther suggested that the measurements of the holotype that he obtained from the Museo Civico di Storia Natu- rale, Genova, corresponded to E. brasilensis. However, the measurements given by Williams (1978) do not agree with those of Dobson, although Dobson did not pro¬ vide skull measurements; the body measurements are too large for E. diminutus, too small for E. brcisiliensis , and are only similar to those of E. furinalis. The cranial measurements of the holotype of E. dorianus (Williams, 1978) correspond to E. brasiliensis. The cotype of E. dorianus from San Ignacio, Misiones Province, in the BMNH (BMNH 86.11.3.13), which was received in an exchange with the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Genova, has not had the skull removed, but the speci¬ men is identical to E. furinalis (R. M. Barquez, per¬ sonal observation). The specimen used by Dobson may be a composite specimen and in this case the nomen¬ clature proposed by Williams (1978) should be retained: E. dorianus would be considered nomen dubium and the remaining available names would be E. diminutus and E. fidelis. Since E. diminutus has priority, the two subspecies would be: E. d. diminutus and E. d. fidelis. The latter is found in Argentina. Type Locality. — Brazil, Bahia, Rio Preto, Sao Marcello. Distribution. — The distribution is poorly known, for there are few records and the limits between the two subspecies are unclear. The general distribution of the species includes northern Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil, extending northward in Brazil as a nar¬ row strip to approximately 5° S latitude. The northern area of distribution corresponds to E. d. diminutus. Ibanez Ulargui (1981) reported this species in Venezu¬ ela, but its subspecific status is unclear in view of its apparent isolation from the other populations. Eptesicus diminutus fidelis Thomas Eptesicus fidelis Thomas, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 9, 5:366, 1920. Eptesicus diminutus fidelis: Williams, Annals of Carnegie Museum, 47:380-382, 1978. Type Locality: —Argentina, Santa Fe, Esperanza. Distribution in Argentina .— Figure 87. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 121 Figure 87. Map of the localities of Eptesicus diminutus. Description (Figs. 86e, 86i, and 88).— Specimens from the Parana and Uruguay river drainages are lighter in color and larger in size than those from northwestern Argentina; one individual from Itati, Corrientes Prov¬ ince (BMNH), is an exception. The light brown tips of the hairs give a light, frosted appearance to the dorsum; hairs of the venter are lighter, with the tips grayish or brown. Specimens from the provinces of Salta and Tucuman are smaller and have unicolored hairs. Those from Buenos Aires, Delta del Parana, and Uruguay, can be confused easily with specimens of M. albescens from northwestern Argentina because of their frosted color, the same as the type of E.Jidelis. In specimens having a frosted appearance, the basal one-half of the dorsal hairs is very dark, almost black, and the distal one-half is yellow, with the tips pale. Those from the Northwest are similar in color to E. [urinalis, but can be distin¬ guished by size. The best characteristics to identify this species are length of forearm, length of the mandible, and length of the toothrow. In the specimens examined, length of the forearm varied between 32.1 and 34.8 mm, the length of the mandibular toothrow between 4.8 and 5.4 mm, and the length of the mandible from 9.3 to 10.1 mm. The external characters are similar to those of E. furinalis, but the calcar is proportionally longer (more than double the length of the foot), the tips of the ears are more rounded, and the tragus has a less-devel¬ oped basal lobe. The skull is similar, but less robust, and with less- developed sagittal and lambdoidal crests. Measurements. — Table 11. Comments. The biology of this species through¬ out its range is almost unknown. We captured a lactat- ing female and a juvenile male in the forests of Aguas Chiquitas, Tucuman, at the end of January. Ibanez Ulargui (1981) noted that all specimens obtained from Venezuela were found inside dwellings in open areas. Stomachs contained insects, mainly coleopterans. Speci¬ mens from Argentina inhabit a wide variety of habitats including grasslands, disturbed urban areas, and dense forests. Specimens Examined (16).— BUENOS AIRES: Parana de Las Palmas y Canal 6, 1 (CML). 122 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 88. Skull and teeth of Eptesicus diminutus. Adult male from Delta de Parana, Buenos Aires Province (CML, 1820). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. CORRIENTES: Itati, 1 (BMNH), JUJUY: Laguna La Brea, 25 km W Palma Sola, 1 (CML). LA PAMPA: Luan Toro, 25 km S, 5 (EJ). SALTA: Agua Blanca, 24 km NW, 1 (CM); Aguaray, 700 m, 1 (MACN); Quebrada de Acambuco, 5 km W Dique Itiyuro, 1 (RAO), SANTA FE: Esperanza, 1 (type of E. fidelis , BMNH). TUCUMAN: Aguas Chiquitas, 1 (CM); Aguas Chiquitas, Sierras de Medina, 800 m, 2 (CM); El Cadillal, Estacion de Piscicultura, 1 (CM). Additional Records .— JUJUY: Palma Sola (Villa- R. and Villa-C., 1971). M1SIONES: Rio Victoria (Massoia, 1980). SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO: La Banda (Romafia andAbalos, 1950). BARQUEZ EE AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 123 Table II. Measurements 7.0 mm; length of forearm 41 to 46 mm; rostrum short; basisphenoid pits usually shallow; incisors 1/3, tips of 11 converging, not parallel. Tadarida brasiliensis 2'. Ears joined by a band or forming a V-shaped valley on the forehead; second phalanx of fourth finger <5.0 mm; length of forearm 43 to 63 mm; rostrum enlarged and narrow; basisphenoid pits deep; incisors 1/2, tips of II almost parallel.3 3. Length of forearm 43 to 45 mm. Nyctinomops laticaudatns 3'. Length of forearm 58 to 63. Nyctinomops macrotis 4(1’). Incisors 1/1,26 teeth.5 4’. Incisors 1/2, 28 to 30 teeth. 8 5 (4). Upper incisors triangular, completely filling the space between the canines; M3 with two commissures forming a V; sagittal crest well developed.6 5'. Upper incisors long and slender (not triangular), and not filling the space between BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 161 the canines; M3 with three commissures, the third half the length of the second; sagittal crest moderate to absent. 7 6 (5). Length of forearm > 45 mm. Molossus ater 6'. Length of forearm < 43 mm. Molossus molossus I (5'). Forearm < 34 mm; postorbital constriction < 4.0 mm; general coloration pale or dark gray. Molossops temminckii T. Length of forearm more than 37 mm; postorbital constriction > 4.5 mm; general coloration dark reddish... Molossops neglectus 8 (4'). Total number of teeth 28; lacrimal ridges well developed; mastoid processes projecting laterally. 9 8'. Total number of teeth 30; lacrimal ridges poorly developed.11 9 (8). Size large; length of forearm > 45 mm; greatest length of skull > 19 mm. Cynomops abrasus 9'. Size smaller; length of forearm 30 to 35 mm. 10 10 (9'). Length of forearm 30 to 34 mm; broad whitish or yellowish band on the chest and/or abdomen; upper lip fleshy (thick) and strongly projected forward; ears close together, but separated by a small space (1 or 2 mm); greatest length of skull 15.0 to 16.5 mm . Cynomopsplamrostris 10’. Length of forearm 34 to 35 mm; light spot on chest or abdomen may be present, but somewhat less evident, or even absent; upper lip not strongly projected forward; ears separated by a greater space than above; greatest length of skull > 16.0 mm... Cynomops paranus II (8 1 ). Ears short and rounded; antitragus constricted at the base; ear-keel low; rostrum elevated and strongly convex. 12 1.1 Ears larger, wide, and expanded laterally; ear-keel strongly evident; antitragus not constricted at the base; rostrum flat. 13 12 (11). Length of forearm > 50 min. Promops centralis 12'. Length of forearm <50 nun. Promops nasutus 13 (IT). Length of forearm > 70 mm. 14 13'. Length of forearm < 70 mm. 15 14 (13). Ears, when laid forward, not extending over the nose.... Eumops dabbenei 14'. Ears, when laid forward, extending over the nose. Eumopsperotis 15 (13'). Length of forearm >55 mm. 16 15'. Length of forearm < 50 mm. 17 16 (15). Color of body pelage gray cinnamon; tragus well developed and somewhat square.. Eumops glaucinus 16’. General coloration darker, blackish cinnamon; tragus small and pointed. Eumops auripendulus 17 (15'). Length of forearm 46 to 49 mm; ear-keel ending at posterior margin of antitragus; basisphenoid pits well separated. Eumops bonariensis 17'. Length of forearm 43 to 47 mm; ear-keel scarcely reach anterior border of antitragus; basisphenoid pits very close to each other. Eumops patagonicus 162 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Genus Molossops Cynomops and Molossops generally are recog¬ nized as subgenera of Molossops, but both are quite dis¬ tinct externally and cranially. Freeman (1981a) indicated that the two subgenera are similar in shape and that they should be included within one genus. She also noted (Freeman, 1981a) that, although Cynomops and Molossops are chromosomally different (based on Gardner, 19776), variation in chromosome number within the same genus is not uncommon (e.g., Eumops), With the variable number of chromosomes in the inclu¬ sive genus Molossops , and with external and cranial dif¬ ferences between Cynomops and Molossops being greater than those that exist between other recognized subgenera, such as Nyctinomops and Tadarida, a strong case can be made for generic recognition of both Cynomops and Molossops. Cabrera (1958) considered the characteristics that motivated Thomas (1920a) to recognize Cynomops as a distinct genus as having only subgeneric value; con¬ sequently, he placed Cynomops in synonymy with Molossops. We recognize Cynomops and Molossops as distinct genera given their many differences, For ex¬ ample, all Cynomops have two pairs of lower incisors, an M3 with two commissures and the metacone absent, a simple m3 with a talonid having only one cusp, lacri¬ mal fuiTOws that are strongly developed, and ears that are separated but close to each other. Species of Molossops , however, have only one pair of lower inci¬ sors, an M3 with three commissures clearly marked, a complex m3 with two notable cusps, lacrimal furrows that are less developed, and ears separated by a wide space. Molossops neglectus Williams and Genoways Molossops neglectus Williams and Genoways, Annals of Carnegie Museum, 49:489, 1980. Type Locality. — Suriname, 1 km S, 2 km E Powaka. Distribution. —Barquez (1987) and Barquez et al. (1993) listed this species for Argentina after comparing Argentine specimens with the type specimen at the CM, and with specimens of Molossops neglectus in the USNM from Pasco, Peru, and from Para, Brazil (see Figure 112. Map of the localities of Molossops neglectus. alsoAscorra eta!., 1991). The distribution of Molossops neglectus, therefore, extends from Suriname to Argen¬ tina. Distribution in Argentina (Fig. 112).—Known only from northernmost Misiones Province in the rain forest of Iguazu National Park. Description (Figs. 113 and 114).—The color is dark, with the dorsal hairs about 4 mm in length, light cream, or almost white on the basal half, and dark cin¬ namon brown on the distal half. The venter is similar to the dorsum, but paler, and with the tips of the hairs gray¬ ish. The membranes and ears are dark, almost black. The ears are well separated, have an obvious fold at their point of attachment, are triangular, and have rounded tips. The antitragus is twice as long as it is wide. The tragus is well developed and wide at the base. The snout is elongated. The upper lips are bordered by a fine fringe of hairs and have a tuft of bristles below the nostrils. The free portion of the tail is about 10 mm in length. The skull is typical of the genus. The sagittal crest is poorly developed, although slightly elevated on the posterior one-third of the braincase where it unites with the lambdoidal crest. The palate is arched. The zygo¬ matic arches are complete but weak. The tympanic bul¬ lae are well developed, covering more than half of the cochlea. Lacrimal crests and furrows are distinct, but not well developed. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 163 Figure 113, Molossops neglectus ; (a) face, lateral view; (b) body, dorsal view; (c) tragus; and (d) face, frontal view. The dental formula is I 1/1, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3, total 26. The upper incisors are curved in lateral view and in contact at the base; they do not fill the space between the canines. The M3 has three commissures, the third greater than one-half the length of the second, and with a well-developed metacone. The i 1 is bilobed, its tip barely reaching the base of the cingulum of the canine, pi and p2 are laterally compressed, and p2 is almost twice the size of pi The m3 has a well-devel¬ oped talonid and two well-marked cusps. Measurements. — Table 16. Comments. — This species differs from M. temminckii by its larger size, wider postorbital constric¬ tion, and less-developed lacrimal crests and furrows. From the nominal subspecies, it differs by a longer fore¬ arm, a more pronounced postorbital constriction, and a shorter skull. Specimens Examined (3).— MISIONES: Parque Nacional Iguazu, 3 (CML). Molossops temminckii (Burmeister) Dysopes temminckii Burmeister, Systematische Uebersicht derThiere Brasiliens, welehe wahrend einer Reise durch die Provinzen von Rio de Janeiro und Minas Geraes.,.gesamnelt oder beobachtat wurden von Dr. Hermann Burmeister. Pt. 1. Georg Reimer, Berlin, p. 72,1854. Molossops temminckii : Miller, Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 57:248, 1907. Type Locality .— Brazil, Minas Gerais, Lagoa Santa, Distribution. — This species is restricted to a nar¬ row strip from central Venezuela, Colombia, and east¬ ern Peru, to Bolivia, expanding to include almost all of central and southern Brazil, northern Argentina, Para¬ guay, and western Uruguay. Cabrera (1958) recognized four subspecies. One, M. t. mattogrossensis, subse¬ quently has been treated as a distinct genus, a subge¬ nus, or a different species (Freeman, 1981a; Honacki et al., 1982; Peterson, 1965), and is no longer recog¬ nized as a subspecies of M. temminckii. The taxonomic status of the remaining subspecies is unclear. The two Argentine subspecies, M. t. temminckii and M. t. sylvia (Cabrera, 1958), do not appear to be subspecifically distinct. Ibanez and Ochoa (1985) also encountered taxonomic difficulties in Venezuelan populations, ten¬ tatively maintaining these as the subspecies M. t. griseiventer due to their geographic isolation from other populations. Thomas (1924) described M. t. sylvia based on specimens from Goya, Corrientes Province, which he maintained were morphologically distinct from those from Paraguay or Bahia, Brazil. Thomas (1901/?) pre¬ viously had argued that specimens from Sapucay, Para¬ guay, although not similar in color to specimens from Goya, exhibited mainly seasonal differences. He also examined specimens from Lagoa Santa and found no trenchant morphological differences. Cabrera (1930) recognized M. t. sylvia, including it and the nominal 164 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 114. Skull and teeth of Molossops neglectm. Adult from Parque Nacional Iguazu, Misiones Province (CML 2258). Bar ■= 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. subspecies, M. l, lemminckii, in Argentina. He noted that the two subspecies could be distinguished by color; M. t lemminckii being dark brown, the hairs with cream bases; and M. i. syivia being paler in color with the hairs white basally. After examining Thomas’ specimens in the BKTNH, and large series of specimens from Argen¬ tina, Paraguay, and Bolivia in other museums, we found no differences that would support the designation of more than a single geographic race in Argentina. We have collected this species in northwestern and northeastern Argentina and have frequently found both dark and paler individuals in each area, as well as speci¬ mens with basal hair colors in each area that, are sup¬ posedly diagnostic for different subspecies. Pelage col¬ oration is influenced by habitat and, perhaps, season, and there is much individual variation in color in this species. Cranial and external measurements of animals from across the geographic range in Argentina, Para- BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 165 68 ° 64 o 60 ° 56 ° 24 o 28 ° 32 ° 36 ° 337 191,574 Figure 115. Map of the localities of Molossops temminckii. guay, and Bolivia also fall within the range of variation expected for a species. Thus we suggest that M, t. sylvia is a synonym of M /. temminckii. If M. t. griseiventer is confirmed as a valid subspecies, the specimens from Argentina would be treated as M. t. temminckii, and pending further systematic studies, that is how we treat them in this report. Distribution in Argentina (Fig. 115).— Widely distributed in Argentina, although literature records in¬ dicate its presence only in the north. A specimen from “Chubuf was located in the BMNH and one collected in the city of La Plata was found in the MLP. Description (Figs. 116 and 117). — Size is small. This is the smallest molossid in Argentina. The length of forearm ranges from 29.0 to 32.5 mm. Ears are small, triangular, and well separated. The tragus is small and triangular, about 1.4 mm high and with a wide base. The anti tragus is wide and inclined slightly posteriorly. 166 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 116. Molossops temminckii : (a) face, lateral view; (b) face, frontal view; (c) head, dorsal view; and (d) tragus. The snout is elongated and flat. The lips are fleshy, the upper traversed by a series of short., stiff hairs. The fur is short, barely extending over the membranes, the plagiopatagium, the sides of the body, and the proximal one-half of the uropatagium. Sparse hairs are found at the posterior margin of the dorsal side of the forearm, reaching halfway to the fifth metacarpal and to the union of the fourth and fifth digits. The thumb is small, but has a well-developed pad at its base, and a sharp, curved nail. The wings attach at the midpoint of the tibia. The calcar is well developed, extending more than one-half the distance between the tail and the foot. Body color is variable, with animals from forests being darker than those from arid zones. The pelage is darker dorsally, with shades of gray predominating; hair bases are lighter and are cream or white. Pelage color varies between populations, but is uniform in individuals from the same population. Because of its size this species can only be con¬ fused with Cynomops planirostris , but the differences between these taxa are pronounced and identification does not present a problem. The skull is small but robust, widened at the mas¬ toidal processes and anteriorly at the lacrimal furrows. The postorbital constriction is well marked. The lacri¬ mal canals are deep. The sagittal crest is present but low, although it is more elevated posteriorly where it unites with the lambdoidal crests. The general aspect of the skull is flattened, with a slight elevation from the tips of the nasals to the back of the braincase. The tym¬ panic bullae are small The palate is arched, but never as much as in Promops. The basisphenoidal pits are not differentiated. The dental formula is I 1/1, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3, total 26. Upper incisors are procumbent and curve down¬ ward, and in contact at the base. The canines have a well-developed and extended cingulum that forms a platform on the lingual side. The PI is well developed with a distinct protocone. The cusps of M1 and M2 form the typical “W;” the protocone is distinct, and the hy- pocone is obsolete, M2 is slightly larger than Ml, The M3 has three commissures, with the third being small; the protocone is well developed and the hypocone is absent. The one pair of markedly bifid lower incisors, are separated from the canines by a small space. The canines are well developed, and have the internal mar¬ gin of the cingulum expanded posteriorly and forming a platform that comes into contact with the anterior margin of ml. The premolars are small, and p2 is larger than p 1; both are antero-posteriorly flattened and have only one cusp, wider than they are long, and are triangular in dorsal view. The molars are well devel¬ oped, and decrease in size from ml to m3; the cusps are high and sharp, m3 has a talonid composed of two cusps, the hypoconid and the entoconid, which distinguishes this species from species in the genus Cynomops in which there is only one cusp on the talonid. Measurements .— Table 16. Comments .— Information on natural history for this species in Argentina is scarce. Ojeda and Barquez BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 167 Figure 117. Skull and teeth of Molossops temminckii. Adult from El Cadillal, Tucuman Province (CML). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. (1976) reported specimens from Formosa that were cap¬ tured in a forest of vinal (Prosopis ruscifolia), v/here a rich fauna of insects existed. Willig (1983) considered the species to be an aerial insectivore. Data are not known about its food preferences nor the principal com¬ ponents of its diet. Freeman (198 in, 19816), based on skull characters, suggested that M. temminckii could be adapted to the ingestion of both soft and hard insects. Mares et al. (1981) mentioned that this is the most com¬ mon species in the dry chaco of northwestern Argen¬ tina, particularly near water; they observed them flying in groups (probably feeding) in the late afternoon while it was still light. We also have observed them in the moist forest of Salta Province, flying over rivers that connect the wetter forests with the transitional forests and the chaco. 168 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Isolated individuals may occupy human dwellings. Vizotto and Taddei (1976) found roosts in small holes in fence posts, in trees, and in an hole in a wood post. The roost openings were located at heights varying be¬ tween 1-3 m, and they live in small groups of no more than three individuals, Little information is available on reproduction. Mares et al. (1981) reported a pregnant female in No¬ vember from Dique Itiyuro, Salta. We found males with scrotal testes: in mid-May at Rio Porteno, 5 km S Estancia Santa Catalina, Formosa Province; and in mid- October at El Cadillal, Tucuman Province. Animals col¬ lected at Algarrobal, 20 km E General Guemes, Salta Province, were not reproductively active in late June. In the MLP, a female with two fetuses (specimens pre¬ served in alcohol) was collected in mid-October in the city of La Plata. Specimens Examined (166).— BUENOS AIRES: La Plata, 3 (MLP). CHACO: Estancia San Miguel, along Hwy 90, 15 km NW jet. Hwy 90 and Hwy 11, 3 (1 CML, 1 IADIZA-CM, 1 OMNH); Mision Nueva Pompeya, 4 (CML); Pozo del Gato, 1 (CML); Pozo del Gato, 3 km E Punta del Agua, 1 (CML); Rio Teuco, 10 km W Tartagal, 10 (CML); Tartagal, 4 (CML). CHUBUT: Chubut, 1 (BMNH). CORDOBA: Villa Maria, 1 (CUNRC). CORRJENTES: Corrientes Capi¬ tal, Barrio Lomas, 1 (CML); Goya, 1 (BMNH); Goya, 600 m, 10 (BMNH, including the type of M. t. sylvia ); San Borgita, 4 (ROM). FORMOSA: Coloma El Pavao, 41 km N Comandante Fontana on Rd 95, 2 (CML); El Churcal, approx, 10 km SSE Buena Vista, 5 (3 CML, 2 IADIZA-CM); Estancia Santa Catalina, 5 km S, km 64, 5 (CM); Estanislao del Campo, 40 km N, 1 (ROM); Estero de Los Patos, 1 (TTU), Provincia de Formosa, 24° 56' 59° 12’, 1 (CML); Puesto Divisadero, 35 km S, 5 km E Ing. Guillermo N. Juarez, 7 (3 CML, 3 IAJD1ZA- CM, 1 OMNH); Rio Porteno, 5 km S Estancia Santa Catalina, 3 (CML). JUJUY: Laguna La Brea, 1 (CML); Laguna La Brea, 25 km W Palma Sola, 1 (CML); Ledesma, 1 (AMNH); Rio Lavayen, N de Santa Clara, sobre mta 6, 1 (CML); Yuto, 22 (21 AMNH, 1 CML); Yuto, Rio San Francisco, altura de Estacion, 1 (BMNH). SALTA: Aguaray, 120 km E , 1 (CML); Algarrobal, 20 km E General Guemes, 3 (OMNH); Antilla, 1 (ROM); Dique Itiyuro, 1 (CML); El Breal, 6 km SW Santa Victoria Este, 25 (21 CM, 4 CML); El Potrero, 1 (TTU); Estancia Las Mercedes, 1 (ROM); Ingenio San Martin del Tabacal, 1 (TTU); Laguna de los Panzones, Retiro, 8 (CML); Quebrada de Acambuco, 5 km W Dique Itiyuro, 1 (CML); Rio del Valle, 5 (CML); Santa Victoria Este, I (FCM). SANTA FE: Santa Fe, 1 (MFA). SANTLAGO DEL ESTERO: San Antonio, 4 (3 MACN, 1 TTU); San Felix, 2 (1 MACN, 1 TTU); Santa Isabel, 1 (TTU); Simbolar, 1 (TTU). TUCUMAN: Cerro del Campo, 900 m, 2 (CML); El Cadillal, 1 (CML); El Corte, 1 (CML); El Paraiso, 1 (CML); La Higuera, 1 (CML); Las Mesadas, 3 (CML); Puesto Cortaderas, 2 (1 MACN, 1 TTU); San Miguel de Tucuman, 1 (CML). Additional Records. —CHACO: Tartagal, 10 km al W (Barquez and Lougheed, 1990). FORMOSA; El Colorado (Massoia, 1970); Parque Nacional Rio Pilcomayo (S. Heinonen F. and R. M. Barquez, in litt.). JUJUY: Palma Sola, 550 m (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); San Lorenzo (Thomas, 1898). MISIONES: Apostoles (Massoia, 1980); Arroyo Umgua-i (Massoia etah, 1987); Departamento Candelaria (Massoia, 1980); Departamento Capital (Massoia, 1980). SANTA FE: Malabrigo (Yepes, 1944). SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO: Pampa Llajta (Romaha and Abalos, 1950); Tacanitas (Romana and Abalos, 1950). Genus Cynomops Thomas (1920u) described the genus Cynomops based on its distinctive characters and included the spe¬ cies planirostris, brachymeles, par arms, mastivus, and cerastes. He differentiated it from Molossops by the presence of four lower incisors and simplified third up¬ per and lower molars, the upper with two commissures and the lower with a linear posterior lobe and only one cusp. Cynomops cerastes was selected by Thomas as the type of the genus. Thomas (1920a) stated that he would naturally have selected planirostris as the type species of the genus, but specimens from so many lo¬ calities (including Buenos Aires) had been assigned to that species that he had doubts about its exact identity. Moreover, the large-bodied C. cerastes (as a represen¬ tative of the genus that contains only large species) con¬ trasted better with the small-bodied Molossops temminckii than would the mid-sized Molossops planirostris. With the large numbers of specimens now avail¬ able for comparisons among species and with additional BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 169 Table 16. Measurements o/'Mo loss ops neglectus and Molossops temminckii. For a description of the measurements , see the Materials and Methods. Mean, standard deviation, and sample size are followed by range. Variable Molossops neglectus Molossops temminckii Total length 82.6 ±4.86, 3 76.5 ± 5,01,33 77.0 - 85.8 60.0 - 84.0 Tail length 29.6 ± 2.05, 3 27.8 ± 3.4], 32 28.3 - 32.0 21.0 - 34.0 Hindfoot length 6.8 ±0.40, 3 5.7 ±0.90, 28 6.4 -7.2 4.5 -7.0 Ear length 12.6 ±0.80, 3 1 3.0 ± 1.64, 33 11.9- 13.5 10.0 - 15.3 Forearm length 36.9 ±0.10,3 31.0 ±0.83, 45 36.8 - 37.0 28.9 - 32.5 Weight 11.0 ±0.70, 2 6.2 ±0.90, 25 10.5 - 11.5 5.0 -8.0 Condylobasal length 14.3 ±0.17, 3 13.0 ± 0.39, 42 14.2 - 14.5 12.1 - 13.8 Least interorbital breadth 6.4 ±0,26, 3 5.7 ±0,26, 47 6.1 - 6,6 5.0 -6.3 Zygomatic breadth 10,2, 1 8.3 -9.3 8.8 ± 0.25, 19 Greatest length of skull 14.9 ±0.20, 3 13.4 ± 0.32, 40 14.7 - 15.1 12.7 - 14.1 Postorbital constriction 4.7 ±0.05, 3 3.7 ± 0.16, 46 4.7 -4.8 3.4 -4.1 Breadth of braincase 8.3 ±0.05, 3 7.1 ±0.18,40 8.3 - 8.4 6.8 - 7.6 Length of maxillary toothrovv 6.2 ±0.10, 3 5.3 ±0.19, 47 6.1 - 6.3 4.8 - 5.7 Palatal length 6.7 ±0.17, 3 5.9 ±0.22, 37 6.5 - 6.8 5.5 - 6.4 Mastoidal breadth 9.4 ± 0.25, 3 8.3 ±0.35, 38 9.2-97 7.7 - 9.3 Length of mandibular toothrow 6.4 ±0.11,3 5.8 ± 0.21,41 6.3 - 6.5 5.4 - 6.3 Length of mandible 11.7 ± 0.20, 3 10.1 ± 0.30, 37 11.5 - 1 1.9 9.5 - 10.8 C-C (width across canines) 4.3 ± 0.28, 3 3.7 ±0.16, 44 4.2 -4.7 3.4 -4.1 M-M (width across molars) 7.2 ± 0.10, 3 6.4 ±0.21,45 7.1 - 7.3 6.0 -6.8 species having been described, size is no longer a diag¬ nostic characteristic. For example, Molossops neglectus can be larger than Cynomopsplanirostris or some speci¬ mens of C. paranus. We consider C. paranus a valid species and not a subspecies of C. planirostris. Thus vve include in Argentina three species of this genus: C. abrasus, C. paranus, and C. planirostris. Cynomops abrasus (Temminck) Dysopes abrasus Temminck, Monographies de Mammalogie, ou descrition de quelques genres de mammiferes, dont les especes ont ete observees dans les different Musees I’Europe. C. C. Vander Hoek, Leiden, 1:232, 1826. 170 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 68° 64° 60° 56° 0 200 400 km Figure 118. Map of the localities of Cynomops abrasus. Cyno mops brachymeles. Thomas, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 9, 5:189, 1920. This species was treated as a member of Cynomops by Barquez (1987) and Barquez et al. (1993). Most authors have considered Cynomops to be a sub¬ genus of Molossops and have used the nomenelatural combination Molossops ( Cynomops ) brachymeles for this species. Recently, abrasus has been used rather than brachymeles , based on Carter and Dolan (1978; see also Husson, 1962; Koopman, 1993). Apparently the type of Molossus (Molossops) brachymeles Peters, 1865, has been lost (Carter and Dolan, 1978). However, the origi¬ nal description indicated the presence of one pair of lower incisors, which is not characteristic of Cynomops. Based on external measurements, the type specimen could belong to any one of several molossid genera. It is possible that the two small lower incisors fell out when the skull was cleaned and before it was studied by Pe¬ ters, but this cannot be proven without an examination of the lost type. Consequently, the type of the large spe¬ cies of Cynomops should be Cynomops abrasus Temminck, 1827. Type Locality. — Brazil. Distribution .— Probably widely distributed, but known records are restricted to the forests of the Guianas, Suriname, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Bra¬ zil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and northeastern Argentina. Al¬ though recognition of distinct subspecies is problem¬ atic, at present the populations from Argentina can be treated as C. a. cerastes (Thomas). Cynomops abrasus cerastes (Thomas) Molossus cerastes Thomas, Annals and Magazine of Natural History', ser. 7, 8:440, 1901. Cynomops cerastes: Thomas, Annals and Maga¬ zine of Natural History, ser. 9, 5:189, 1920. Type Locality .— Paraguay, Villa Rica. According to Carter and Dolan (1978), this locality is probably the same as Villarica, in the province of Guaira. Distribution in Argentina (Fig. 118).— Cabrera (1930, 1958) reported this species in the provinces of Formosa, Chaco, and Misiones. Yepes (1944) included it in Colonia Dora, Santiago del Estero Province, but we have not found the specimens. Description (Figs. 119 and 120).— Thomas (1901 b ), in the original description, stated that this spe¬ cies was similar to M. planirostris, but much larger. This BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 171 Figure 119. Cynomops abrasus'. (a) face, lateral view; (b) face, frontal view; (c) head, dorsal view; and (d) tragus. is the best characterization of the species since it repre¬ sents a “giant” form of the Molossops-Cynomops group, with a length of forearm greater than 40 mm. Speci¬ mens from Misiones Province generally agree with Thomas’ description. All have a cinnamon reddish- brown dorsum and a paler venter. The rostrum, ears, and wing membranes are dark, almost black. Ventrally, the pelage extends to the sides of the body; dorsally it extends over the basal portion of the uropatagiurn and over the uropatagiurn. A fringe of hairs borders the fore¬ arm and the metacarpals. The muzzle is elongated and the mouth broad; the upper lip has a fringe of long and soft hairs; the lower lip is almost naked. The space be¬ tween the nares and the margin of the upper lip is cov¬ ered with stiff, recurved bristles. The nares are large and open forward and outward. The ears are triangular with rounded tips; they insert in the middorsal region of the snout, the points of insertion separated by a 2.0 to 2.5 mm space; the inner area of the ear has a distinct keel; perpendicular to the keel are seven to nine paral¬ lel furrows. The tragus is triangular, its margins almost straight and the outer margin slightly convex with a small pointed basal lobe. The antitragus is well devel¬ oped, square in shape, and with rounded borders; the posterior margin is elevated above the anterior one. The uropatagiurn is short and the tail is included in it for more than one-half of its length; the calcar is well de¬ veloped. This species is comparable in size to Molossus ater, but M ater has a distinct keel along the middorsal surface of the snout that is absent in Cynomops. The skull is robust, broad, and flat, and is espe¬ cially broad at the lacrimal processes and the mastoids. The infraorbital foramen opens at the lower part of the deep lacrimal furrow between the walls of the rostrum and the lacrimal crests. The sagittal crest is barely vis¬ ible in females, but is better developed in males. The lambdoidal crests are low. The zygomatic arches are thin, especially medially. The palate is concave its pos¬ terior margin projecting beyond the last molar; the cau¬ dal spine is absent; hamular processes of the pterygoids are well developed and elevated to the height of the anterior portion of the glenoid fossa. The tympanic bul¬ lae are small and hardly cover more than one-half of the cochlea. The basisphenoid fossae are absent. The paraoccipital processes are well developed and project posteriorly beyond the external margin of the occipital condyles. The dental formula is I 1/2, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3, total 28. Upper incisors are strong, slightly procumbent. 172 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 120. Skull and teeth of Cynomops abrasits. Adult female from Villa Miguel Lanus, Misiones Province (CML 5325). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. and curved in lateral view, in contact at the bases but separated at the tips; they do not completely fill the space between the canines. The canines are strong and robust, with a sharp labial edge and a posteriorly projecting cingulum that is in contact with the anterior middle re¬ gion of the upper premolar. The upper premolar has two cusps, a normal paracone and a low, but sharp proto¬ cone. The Ml and M2 have “W”-shaped cusps, a well- developed protocone, and an obsolete but visible hypo- cone. M3 is reduced with only two commissures formed by the parastyle, paracone, and mesostyle; the proto¬ cone is present but low. The il is strongly bilobed and i2 is reduced; the incisors fill the space between the canines. The cingula of the canines project posteriorly forming a channel. The pi and p2 are small, p2 larger than pi, and with its inner posterior margin projecting BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 173 64° 60° 56° Figure 121. Map of the localities of Cynomops paranus. posteriorly so that the paraconid of the ml is mounted over it. The m 1 and m2 are normal, with the talonid and trigonid well developed, whereas m3 has a reduced tal¬ onid and a single cusp, the hypoconid. Measurements- Table 17. Comments .— Ecological data for this species in Argentina are scarce, but they indicate a preference for the humid forests of Misiones Province, across the swamplands of Corrientes Province, and into the chacoan thorn scrub of western Formosa Province; a female captured in the winter month of July in western Formosa was not breeding (Mares et aL, 1995). In Para¬ guay, Myers and Wetzel (1983) captured a pregnant fe¬ male in October and noted that individuals were not reproductively active in August. Specimens Examined (6).— FORMOSA: Puesto Divisadero, 35 km S, 5 km E Ing. Guillermo N. Juarez, 1 (OMNH). MISIONES: Arroyo Zaiman, 1 (CEM);Rio Victoria, 1 (OEM); Tacuaruzu, 1 (MACN); Villa Miguel Lanus, 2 (1 CEM, 1 CML). Additional Records. — CHACO: Provincia de Chaco (Cabrera, 1930). FORMOSA: Provincia de Formosa (Cabrera, 1958). SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO: Colonia Dora (Yepes, 1944). Cynomops paranus (Thomas) Molossus planirostris paranus Thomas, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 7, 8:190, 1901. Cynomops paranus: Thomas, Annals and Maga¬ zine of Natural History, ser. 9, 5:189, 1920. Thomas (1901c) described this taxon as a sub¬ species of M. planirostris (A/, planirostris paranus) and noted that the new form was similar to typical M. planirostris planirostris in most respects. However, ex¬ ternal and cranial characters clearly differentiate paranus from planirostris. C. paranus is generally darker than planirostris and the tips of the hairs are black, instead of brown. The color of the pale patch on the chin, chest, and belly that is strongly white in planirostris is less pronounced in paranus. In paranus , the ears are more separated, and the distance across the 174 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 122. Cynomopsparanus'. (a) face, lateral view; (b) head, dorsal view; and (c) tragus. lacrimal ridges is less than one-half the basal length (in plcinirostris this distance is greater than one-half). The specimen from Corrientes Province is superficially simi¬ lar to plcinirostris , but agrees in all diagnostic charac¬ ters with the type of paranus examined in the BMNH. These taxa may be sympatric, since planirostris has been cited from localities near those of paranus in Paraguay and Brazil. Type Locality .— Brazil, Para. Distribution. — This species is known only from the type locality and Venezuela (Handley, 1976). Distribution in Argentina. — Figure 121. Description (Figs. 122 and 123).— Body size is similar to that of Cynomops planirostris'.. length of fore¬ arm is slightly larger in paranus , 34.5 mm in the speci¬ men from Corrientes and 35.0 mm in the type from Para. The skull is notably larger, more robust, and wider. The tragus is longer and more rounded. These species (C. paranus and C. planirostris) are difficult to distinguish in dry skins. Measurements. — Table 17. Comments. — The biology of this species is prac¬ tically unknown. The specimen from Corrientes was trapped in a hole in a tree. Specimens Examined (1).— CORRIENTES: La¬ guna Paiva, B° Las Lomas, 1 (CML). We also exam¬ ined the type from Para, Brazil (BMNH 1.7.11.15). Cynomops planirostris (Peters) Molossus planirostris Peters, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, p. 575, 1865. Cynomops planirostris'. Thomas, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 9, 5:189, 1920. Type Locality .— French Guiana, Cayenne. Distribution .— This species is found from Panama to northwestern Argentina, including French Guiana, Suriname, Venezuela, Colombia, eastern Peru, central and eastern Bolivia, and Paraguay. As in the other species of Cynomops , subspecific designations are unclear, and some authors consider paranus a subspecies of planirostris (above). Koopman (1978) included milleri as a subspecies of planirostris. Anderson et al. (1982) assigned the subspecies planirostris to specimens from Bolivia. Myers and Wetzel (1983) delayed assignment of a subspecies name to Paraguayan specimens until a more comprehensive study of geographic variation was made. Distribution in Argentina .— Figure 124. Description (Figs. 125 and 126).— Body size is small, slightly larger than Molossops temminckii. Length of forearm ranges from 32.0 to 33.0 mm in the speci- BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 175 Figure 123. Skull and teeth of Cynomopsparanus. Adult from Laguna Paiva B° Las Lomas, Corrientes Province (CML). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. mens examined from Argentina. Dorsal color is brown with the bases of the hairs paler, generally cream. Ven- trally most specimens have a prominent pale, generally white, patch on the throat, neck, chest, and part of the abdomen. This patch varies in width, but normally is present and distinct in color from the surrounding pel¬ age. The membranes are dark brown. The fur extends on the venter along the plagiopatagium and over the uropatagium to the sides of the tail. Dorsally, the fur extends over the basal part of the uropatagium to the sides of the forearm in the propatagium and plagiopatagium, and over the fifth metacarpal. The ears are wide and rounded. The tragus is small, higher than it is wide, has a rounded tip and, externally, has a small 176 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 68° 64° Figure 124. Map of the localities of Cynomops planirostris. Figure 125. Cynomops planirostris: (a) face, lateral view; (b) face, frontal view; (c) body, ventral view; (d) tragus; (e) head, dorsal view; and (f) head, ventral view. bump at its midpoint. The antitragus is well developed, semicircular, and extends forward as a fold of skin that reaches the comer of the mouth. The ear keel is well marked, and extends midway across the internal part of the ear. The muzzle is notably procumbent, flat, and wide. The upper lip has a fringe of fine hairs and the lower lip is naked. The calcars are long and extend for one-half the distance between the feet and tail. The skull is similar to other Cynomops , but smaller, and the mastoidal processes, while present, are not as well developed as in C. paranus , where they project laterally from the skull. In some specimens, the posterior border of the cingulum of the upper canines does not project posteriorly, thus leaving a small space between the canines and the premolars. The teeth are similar to C. paranus , but the upper premolar is almost rectangular in shape (in C. paranus it is less rectangu¬ lar). The posterior margin of the premolar is in contact with the anterior margin of the M l in C. planisrostris , whereas in C. paranus the upper molariform teeth are generally separated by a space. Measurements. — Table 17. Comments. — Brosset and Charles-Dominique (1990) reported that C. planirostris in French Guiana had a dorsal coloration that was bright orange-brown, darker above and with a pinkish tinge below. A female BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 177 Figure 126. Skull and teeth of Cynomops plcmirostris. Adult female from Quebrada de Acambuco, 5 km W Dique Itiyuro, Salta Province (IADIZA-CM). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. from Dique Itiyuro, Salta Province (IADIZA-CM) had a well-developed embryo in late November. Another from the same area was captured in a net placed cross¬ ing a gully in a forest of palo bianco (Ccilycophyllum multiflonun) and petiribi (Cordia trichotoma) (Olrog and Barquez, 1979). Specimens Examined (7).— JXJJTJY: Caimancito, 2 (MACN). SALTA: Itau (Campo Largo), Sierras de Tartagal, 1600 rn, 1 (CML); Quebrada de Acambuco, 5 km W Dique Itiyuro, 2 (1 CML, 1 IADIZA-CM); Serrania de las Pavas, 1 (MACN); Tartagal, 1 (CML). 178 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Table 17, Measurements o/Cynomops abrasus, Cynomops paranus, and Cynomops planirostris. For a description of the measurements, see the Materials and Methods, Mean, standard deviation, and sample size are followed by range, Variable Cynomops abrasus Cynomops paranus Cynomops planirostris Total length 94.5 ±6.36, 2 90.0- 99.0 92.0, 1 86.0 ±2.73, 5 83.0- 90.0 Tail length 35.0 ±2.83, 2 33.0 - 37.0 25.0, 1 26.6 ±2.60, 5 24.0 - 30.0 Hindfoot length 8.8 ±0.35, 2 8.5 -9.0 7.0, 1 14.9 ± 1.53,5 13.0- 16.0 Ear length 14.0 ±0.00, 2 14.0- 14.0 15.5, ! 14.9 ± 1.53, 5 13.0-16.8 Forearm length 45.5 ± 0.71,2 45.0 - 46.0 34.5, 1 32.6 ±0.49, 5 32.0 - 33.0 Weight 11.5, 1 10.5 - 12.5 11.6 ± 1.04, 3 Condylobasai length 19.3 ±0.42, 2 19.0 19.6 16.7, 1 15.4 ± 0.45, 5 14.7 - 15.9 Least interorbital breadth 8.5 ±0.07, 2 8.4-8,5 7.3, 1 6.4 ± 0.56, 5 5.7-7.0 Zygomatic breadth 14.4 ±0 50, 2 14.0- 14-7 11.9, 1 11.2 ±0.37, 4 10.8 - 11.5 Greatest length of skull 19.9 ±0.50, 2 19.5 - 20.2 17.3, 1 16.1 ±0.36, 5 15.5 - 16.5 Postorbital constriction 5.1 ±0.35, 2 4.8 - 5.3 4.6, .1 4.1 ±0.19, 5 4.0 -4.5 Breadth of braincase 10.4 ±0.21,2 10.2- 10.5 8.6, ! 8.0 ±0.23, 5 7.9 - 8.5 Length of maxillary toothrow 7.8 ± 0.07, 2 7.7 -7.8 6.8, 1 6.3 ±0.08, 5 6.2 -6.4 Palatal length 8.0 ±0,00, 2 8 0 - 8.0 7.3, 1 6.5 ±0,10, 5 6.4 - 6.7 Mastoidal breadth 13.7 ± 1.20, 2 12.8, 14.5 11.6, 1 10.1 ± 0.60, 5 9.1 - 10.6 Length of mandibular toothrow 7.4 ±0.0, 2 7.4 -7.4 7.5, 1 6.8 ±0.21, 5 6.5 -7.0 Length of mandible 15.9 ± 0.00, 2 15.9 - 15.9 13.2, 1 12.5 ±0.23, 4 12.0- 12.5 C-C (width across canines) 5.7 ±0.00, 2 5.7 -5.7 5.2, 1 4.6 ±0.33, 5 4.1 - 5.0 M-M (width across molars) 9.4 ±0.57, 2 9.0-9.8 7.8, 1 7.4 ±0.23, 5 7.0-7.6 Genus Tadarida This cosmopolitan genus presently contains eight species (Koopman, 1993) of which only one is found in Argentina. We do not include Nyctinomops in Tadarida and consider it to be a valid genus. Some authors treat Nyctinomops as a subgenus. The genus Tadarida was revised by Shamel (1931), who included Nyctinomops in Tadarida. Schwartz (1955) reviewed the “brasiliensis ” group of the genus Tadarida and included nine subspecies, of which one, T. b. brasiliensis occurs in Argentina. Tadarida brasiliensis (1. Geoffroy St - Hilaire) Nyctinomus brasiliensis I. Geoffroy St.- Hilaire, Annales des Sciences Natureiles, Zoologie, ser. 1,3:343, 1824. Tadarida brasiliensis: Thomas, Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 58:222, 1920. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 179 68° 64° 60° 56° Figure 127. Map of the localities of Tadarida brasiliensis. 180 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Type Locality >.— Restricted to Curitiba, Parana, Brazil, by Shamel (1931). Distribution .— According to Koopman (1982), this species is widely distributed in South America, al¬ though records are lacking from the Amazon basin and the Guianas. It is found in northwestern Venezuela and extends southward along the slopes of the Andes in Co¬ lombia, Ecuador, and Pem, to Chile and Bolivia, south¬ ern Paraguay, southeastern Brazil, and Argentina to about 42° S. Distribution in Argentina (Fig. 127).— This is one of the most widely distributed species in Argentina and is known from abundant records. It inhabits practically all habitat types. Although the species is relatively easy to identify, we have found many specimens in collec¬ tions identified as T. brasiliensis that are actually Eumopspatagonicus. Two localities cited by Fomes and Massoia (1967) for T. brasiliensis, Colonia Benitez and Barranqueras, Chaco Province, actually refer to speci¬ mens at TTU, FC'M, and MACN; all were identified on the original tags as I brasiliensis and are, in fact, E. patagonicus. Description (Figs. 128, 129, and 133d).—Body size is medium; length of the forearm ranged from 41.8 to 45.8 mm in the specimens examined. Generic char¬ acteristics, in addition to those for the family, are: large ears with parallel furrows on the internal surface; lips with deep vertical grooves or wrinkles; a square, well- developed tragus; upper incisors well-separated basally and convergent at the tips; and the palate with a pro¬ nounced anterior emargination. The body color is vari¬ able within shades of brown and gray, some specimens are dark brown, almost black. The dorsal hairs are, in general, uriicolored, occasionally with paler bases; ven- trally the tips are paler. All the membranes are naked when viewed with the naked eye, but actually are cov¬ ered with fine hairs, particularly the uropatagium and propatagium, on both the dorsal and ventral sides. The ears are large and rounded, do not extend beyond the anterior end of the muzzle, and are separated by a small space of 1 to 2 mm on the forehead. A marked keel is present on the inner surface of the ear. A second keel is located behind the posterior margin of the antitragus. Many dermal tubercles or spicules border the anterior margin of the ears, nine or more in each one of them. The tragus is well developed for a molossid; the anti- tragus is low and semicircular. The snout is pointed, Figure 128. Tadarida brasiliensis: (a) face, lateral view; (b) face, frontal view; (c) head, dorsal view; and (d) tragus. the nares clearly differentiated and bordered by a series of comified processes not easily seen without magnifi¬ cation. The upper lip is fleshy and marked by distinct wrinkles, its anterior extremity is diffuse and covered with a moustache of downward projecting hairs. Tufts of bristles and long hairs are found on the snout and the sides of the upper lip. The thumb is short and has a basal callosity. The feet are short and rounded, with the exterior toes having long hairs at the base of the nails. The calcars are well developed and bordered with long, thin hairs. The wings are long and narrow, and insert midway along the venter of the tibia. The skull is flattened, but more rounded and with a shorter rostrum than Nyctinomops. A depression in the parietal region is evident. The rostrum is narrow and the lacrimal furrows are visible, but never as exten¬ sive as in Cynomops or Molossops. There is a second depression between the orbits that is less pronounced than the posterior depression. The sagittal crest is ab¬ sent or obsolete. The lambdoidal crests are slightly de¬ veloped, but are more evident in the posterolateral part of the braincase. The zygomatic arches are thin, but are widened at the middle. The palate has a strong anterior emargination; it is slightly arched and projects posteri- BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 181 Figure 129. Skull and teeth of Tadarida brasiliensis. Adult female from Playa Larga, Tucuman Province (SIG 5). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. orly beyond the last molar. The pterygoids are thin and almost parallel. The basisphenoidal pits are shallow and located at the level of the glenoid fossae. The dental formula is I 1/3, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3, total 32. The upper incisors are convergent toward the tips, whereas in Nyctinomops they are nearly parallel. The canines are long and pointed. The P1 is almost im¬ perceptible, its height barely surpassing the cingulum of the canine and displaced or inclined lingually. The P2 has a high protocone. The Ml and M2 are essen¬ tially identical and have four commissures; the proto- 182 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY cone and the hypocotie are well developed. The M3 has only three commissures and the hypocone is absent. The lower incisors completely fill the space between the canines; i 1 and i2 are bilobed; i3 is reduced, pi is smaller than p2, but both are small. The molars are all about the same size, and their talonids and trigonids are evident. Measurements. — Table 18. Comments. — This is one of the most abundant species in Argentina. It is widely distributed, extending even to the Malvinas Islands (Barquez et al., 1993). Its habits and habitats are better known than most bats be¬ cause of its abundance in urban and suburban areas, and its use of dwellings and buildings as roosts. It also roosts in holes, crevices, and tunnels, and large colo¬ nies may develop in caves. In the southern United States some summer colonies may consist of as many as 20 million individuals (Davis et ah, 1962). Kunz (1982) suggested that those that form small groups in build¬ ings and below bridges return to the roosts during the night, whereas those that inhabit caves do not. Emer¬ gence time coincides with dusk, and annual variation in emergence time increases with latitude (Erkert, 1982). The return to the roost is conditioned by several fac¬ tors, including climate, success in obtaining food, and distance from the roost to the feeding area. Freeman (1979) listed the insects found in the stomachs of 88 specimens of T. brasiliensis; lepidopter- ans (95% of the stomach contents), hymenopterans. coleopterans, and homopterans were dominant. Other studies showed the presence of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, Odonata, Hemiptera, and Neuroptera (Bailey, 1931; Freeman, 1979, 19816; Grinned, 1918; Ross, 1961, 1967; Shennan, 1939;Storer, 1926). Ross (1967) noted that this species feeds in groups of 10 to 13 indi¬ viduals, with a tendency to ingest insects that fly in swarms (this is known as filter feeding). Silva and Fleck (1976) found large quantities of insects in the stomachs of this species, but no mosquitoes, although they were abundant in the study area. Molossids that have lips with folds fly with the mouth open and the lips expanded, forming a type of funnel that functions like the vibris- sae ofcaprimulgid birds (Vaughan, 1966). Acosta y Lara (1950) suggested that flight speed constituted a defense against nocturnal birds of prey. We have observed owls and hawks gather at time of emergence at a bat cave containing perhaps two million or more T. brasiliensis in northwestern Oklahoma; as the bats emerge, and be¬ fore they begin their high, fast flying, they are picked off by the avian predators. We have never observed owls gathering to feed at the dawn return of the bats to the cave, when they dive rapidly from high altitudes to¬ ward the cave entrance. They would appear to be more subject to predation by birds during their slower, more predictable flight pattern at emergence. Remains of this species have been found in owl pellets of Tyto alba (Acosta y Lara, 1950, Massoiaet al,, 1993). A colony of 500 individuals was found in a hotel of the city of Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, and this spe¬ cies has also been found in association with Myotis sp. and Eumops bonariensis (Fomes and Massoia, 1967). At the Dique Escaba in southern Tucuman Province, a colony of about 12 million T. brasiliensis has been pro¬ tected under a national law, the first time that a bat has been given such protection (R. M. Barquez, personal observation). Reproductive activity is poorly known in Argentina. We have recorded reproductively active in specimens the city of Tucuman and a pregnant female (one fetus, CRL - 12 mm) at La Junta, Catamarca, in October. Reproductively inactive individuals were col¬ lected in February and March in La Cumbre, Cordoba, and in April in Parque Nacional El Rey, Salta Province. Specimens Examined (502).— BUENOS AIRES: Azul, 1 (IADIZA-CM); Bahia Blanca, 1 (BMNH); Balcarce, l (MSU); Bonifacio, F. C. Sud, 5 (BMNH); Capital Federal, 1 (MACN); La Plata, 11 (MLP). CATAMARCA: Andalgala, 2 (1 CM, 1 MACN); Balneario El Caolin, 6 km NW Chumbicha, 1 (OMNH); Chumbicha, 1 km N and W of balneario by road, 2,600 ft., 3 (OMNH); Chumbicha, at balneario, 2,400 ft., 3 (1 CML, 2 OMNH); Cuesta del Clavillo, 5 km S La Banderita, 2 (CML); Dique El Potrero, 31 (CM); Dique El Potrero, 13 km N Andalgala, 1 (CML); El Rodeo, 900 m, 146 (CML); La Junta, 1600 m, 2 (CML); Las Juntas, Estancia de los Figueroa, 50 km NW Catamarca Ciudad, 3 (OMNH); Poman, 95 km S Andalgala near balneario, 4,400 ft., 17 (7 CML, 3 JAD1ZA-CM, 7 OMNH); Rio San Pablo, 3 km NW Concepcion, 1 (CM). CHUBUT: Chubut, 1 (MACN). CORDOBA: Bialet Masse, 1 (MACN); El Carrizal, Villa Dolores, 1000 m, 4 (BMNH); La Cumbre, 5 (4 CM, 1 MACN); Rio Cuarto, 5 (SUVM); Yacanto, 1 (MACN). FORMOSA: Rio Porteno, 5 km S Estancia Santa Catalina, I (CML). JUJUY: Los Perales, San Salvador de Jujuy, 1 (TCWC); Yuto, 4 (3 AMNH, 1 CML). LA PAMPA; La Pampa, 1 (MACN). LA RIOJA: Estacion Patquia, Guayapa, 3 BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 183 (CML); La Rioja, 1 (BMNH); San Bias de los Sauces, 4 km SE San Bias, 2 (CML); Villa Union, 1 (MACN). MENDOZA: Gaspar Campos, 10 km N, 1 (MVZ); La Pega, 2 (IADIZA-CM); Lavalle, 1 (MACN); Los Parlamentos, 1 (MVZ); Mendoza, 27 (1 BMNH, 25 IADIZA-CM, 1 USNM); Nacunan, 22 (IADIZA-CM); Uspallata, 1 (MACN). MISIONES: Fracan, 2 (CML); Misiones (no specific locality), 1 (BMNH). NEUQUEN: Chos Malal, I (MACN); San Martin de los Andes, 71 km SE, 2 (MVZ). RIO NEGRO: Bariloche, 4 km W, 1 (MVZ); Chimpay, 3 (FMNH); General Roca, 1 (MACN); San Carlos de Bariloche, 4 km SW, 1 (MVZ). SALTA; C'afayate, 5 (4 BMNH, 1 MACN); Campo Quijano, 2 (TTU); Cerrillos, 2 (MACN); El Chaguaral, 1 (CML); El Zapallar, Finca Las Tres Marias, 2 (MD); Finca Santa Cruz, 3 km N Las Mercedes, 1 (CML); Ingenio San Martin del Tabacal, 1 (TTU); Parque Nacional El Rey, 4 (CM); Quebrada de Ac.ambuco, 5 km W Dique Itiyuro, I (RAO); Rio Mojotoro, Puente del F.C. Belgrano, 1 (MD); Rio Piedras, 600 m, 1 (BMNH); Salta Capital, 1 (TTU); San Antonio, 2 (TTU); San Lorenzo, 1 (MACN); Santa Victoria Este, I (MACN); Tonono, 1 km E sobre Rio Itiyuro, 1 (CML). SAN JUAN: Las Tumanas, along Hwy 510 at crossing of RioTumanas, 3 (1 CML,1 IADIZA-CM, 1 OMNH); Las Tumanas, Rio Tumanas, 4 (1 CML, 1 IADIZA-CM, 2 OMNH); Quebrada del Arroyo Astica, 8 km W Astica, 1 (MACN). SAN LUIS: Paso del Rey, 1 km N, along Arroyo de la Canada Honda, 3 (1 CML, 1 IADIZA- CM, 1 OMNH); Paso del Rey, 9 km N, 1 (OMNH); Rincon de Papagayos, 2 km E Papagayos, 11 (2 CML, 3 IADIZA-CM, 6 OMNH); Saladillo, 1 (TCWC); Saladillo, Rio Quinto, 9 (2 MACN, 7 TTU). SANTA FE: Colastine Sur, 1 (MFA); Reconquista, 1 (MFA); San Lorenzo, 1 (TTU); Santa Fe, 1 (MFA). SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO: Lavalle, Estancia El Salvador, 3 (1 MACN, 2 TTU); Nueva Esperanza, 1 (MACN). TUCUMAN: Agua Rosada, San Pedro de Colalao, 1 (CML); Benjamin Paz, 1 (CML); Biological Reserve at Horco Molle, 3 (1 IADIZA-CM, 2 OMNH); Burruyacu, 1 (TTU); Burruyacu, Iglesia, 5 (MACN); Cerro San Javier, 1 (CML); Concepcion, 10 (4 BMNH, 1 FMNH, 5 MACN); Dique Escaba, 1 (CML); Dique San Ignacio, 17 (CML); ElCadillal, 1 (CML); Estancia El Cavao, 1 (CML); Horco Molle, Biological Reserve, 1 (IADIZA-C'M); Horco Molle, Residencia Umversitana, 3 (CML); Iglesia, 3 (TTU); Instituto Lillo, San Miguel de Tucuman, 2 (CML); Las Juntas, 22 km W Choromoro on Hwy 312, 3,500 ft., 5 (3 IADIZA- CM, 2 OMNH); Las Mesadas, 2 (CML); Las Pavas, 5 (MACN); Las Talas, 4 km al N de Bella Vista, 2 (OMNH); Marcos Paz, 1 (CML); Piedrabuena, 5 (2 MACN, 3 TTU); Playa Larga, Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307 km 19.7, 1 (PIDBA); Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307, km 19.7, camino a Tafi del Valle, 750 m, 3 (OMNH); San Javier, 1 (CML); San Miguel de Tucuman, 7 (CML); San Pedro de Colalao, 2 (CML); Tacanas, 2 (CML); Tafi del Valle, 1 (PIDBA); Tapia, 1 (CML); Timbo Nuevo, 3 (TTU); Tucuman, 5 (3 BMNH, 2 CML); Tucuman, 370 m, 1 (CML); Tucuman, 450 m, 2 (USNM); Tucuman, Hotel Savoy, 2 (USNM); Vipos, Estancia San Pedro, 2 (CML). Additional Records .— BUENOS AIRES: Bemal (Fornes and Massoia, 1967); Laguna Chascomus (Massoia and Pardinas, 1989); Laguna Chasico (Contreras, 1973); Mar del Plata (Fomes and Massoia, 1967); Villa La Ventana (Massoia et al., 1993). CATAMARCA: Tapso (Romana and Abalos, 1950). CHUBUT: Peninsula de Valdes (Daciuk, 1974). CORDOBA: Espinillo (Tiranti and Torres, 1998); Paso del Durazno (Tiranti and Torres, 1998); Rio C’uarto (Tiranti and Torres, 1998); Segunda Usina (Tiranti and Torres, 1998). ENTRE RIOS: Estacion Paranacito (Fomes and Massoia, 1967). ISLAS MALVINAS: Islas Malvinas (Hill, 1988). JUJUY: Dique La Cienaga, casa del club nautico, 30 km SSW San Salvador de Jujuy, 1000 m (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); El Carmen (Yepes, 1944); Perico (Yepes, 1944). LA PAMPA: Carro Quemado (Santis and Justo, 1978). MISIONES: Iguazu, cerca de las Cataratas del Iguazu (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Santa Ines (Massoia, 1980). NEUQUEN: Neuquen (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971). RIO NEGRO: Golfo San Matias (Cabrera, 1958); Hotel Liao Liao (Villa-R. and Villa-C, 1971). SALTA: Dragones (Yepes, 1944); Estacion Banos (Romana and Abalos, 1950); Finca La Cruz, 28 km SSE Salta (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Lumbrera (Yepes, 1944); Rosario de La Frontera (Romana and Abalos, 1950); Termas de Rosario de La Frontera (Romana and Abalos, 1950). SAN LUIS: Naschel (Fomes and Massoia, 1967). SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO Anatuya (Romana and Abalos, 1950); El Zanjon (Romana and Abalos, 1950); Girardet (Romana and Abalos, 1950); La Banda (Romana and Abalos, 1950); Ojo de Agua (Romana and Abalos, 1950); San Pedro de Guasayan (Romana and Abalos, 1950); Sumampa (Romana and Abalos, 1950), Villa Union (Romana and Abalos, 1950). TUCUMAN: Ingenio Lules (Romana and Abalos, 1950); Monte Bello (Romana and Abalos, 1950); Las Juntas, 22 km W 184 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 68° 64° 60° 56° Figure 130. Map of the localities of Nyctinomops laticaudatus. Choromoro (Mares et al., 1995); Monteagudo (Fomes and Massoia, 1967); Tucuman, ciudad (Romaha and Abalos, 1950); Yerba Buena (Romana and Abalos, 1950). Genus Nyctinomops Species currently recognized in this genus previ¬ ously were treated as members of the Genus Tadarida ; some authors still maintain Nyctinomops as a subgenus of Tadarida. Freeman (198 \a) recommended recogniz¬ ing Nyctinomops as a valid genus. Nyctinomops are dis¬ tinguished from species of Tadarida by: a fourth digit with a shorter second phalanx, ears united by a band on the forehead, the absence of 13, a more slender rostrum, a narrow anterior emargination of the palate, parallel upper incisors, and well-marked basisphenoidal pits. Two species of Nyctinomops are found in Argen¬ tina, N. laticaudatus and N. macrotis. Except for their size, they are morphologically similar. / Nyctinomops laticaudatus (E. Geoffroy St.-Hilaire) / Molossus laticaudatus E. Geoffroy St.- Hilaire, Annales du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 6:156, 1805. Nyctinomops laticaudatus: Miller, Proceedings of the Academy ofNatural Sciences Philadelphia, 54:369, 1902. Type Locality .— Restricted to Asuncion, Paraguay, by Cabrera (1958), who considered that the original de¬ scription was based on a specimen from a collection of bats from Azara. The unpublished notes of Azara (Mo¬ rales Agacino, 1941) indicated that the type specimen was given by Don Ignacio Pazos, who evidently ob¬ tained it in his own house in Asuncion. Distribution .— The species occurs from north¬ western Peru, western and eastern Colombia, Venezu¬ ela, the Guianas, and Suriname, through most of Bra¬ zil, Paraguay, and northern and eastern Bolivia to north¬ western and northeastern Argentina. Distribution in Argentina (Fig. 130).— In Argen¬ tina, this species has been reported only for the prov¬ inces of Formosa (Barquez and Ojeda, 1975), Salta (Mares et al., 1981), and Misiones (see Additional Records). Barquez and Ojeda (1975) contained a num¬ ber of errors and the published measurements are cor¬ rected here (measurements in parenthesis are those that appeared in the publication): total length, 107 (107); tail, 47 (43); forearm, 43.1 (43.1); ear, 21 (21); condylobasal length, 19.7 (16.6); least mterorbital width, 4.2 (0.42); postorbital constriction, 3.7 (not given); zy¬ gomatic width, 10.5 (11.3); total length of skull, 18.0 (12.2) ; width of braincase, 8.9 (0.89); upper toothrow, 5.4 (0.54); length of palate from behind the posterior emargination, 6.8 (0.68); length of mandible, 12.9 (19.2) ; basal length, 15 (13.8). BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 185 Figure 131. Skull and teeth of Nycti nomops laticaudatus. Adult male from 13 km S Clorinda, Formosa Province (CML 1913). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. These errors in publication may have led Myers and Wetzel (1983) to consider this specimen as T brasiliensis. With the exception of a smaller forearm, the measurements given by Myers and Wetzel (1983) for specimens of N. laticaudatus from Paraguay and Bolivia are larger than those of the specimen from Formosa; in the specimen from Salta Province, the fore¬ arm is similar to those from eastern Paraguay and from Tarija, Bolivia. Anderson et al. (1982) considered the Bolivian specimens as T /. europs and, although the Tarija locality is geographically close to Salta, the sub¬ specific status of the specimens from Argentina cannot be resolved without examining a greater number of specimens. 186 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 132. Map of the localities of Nyctinomops macrotis. Description (Fig. 131 and 133c).— Nyctinomops laticaudatus is similar to N. macrotis, but smaller. N. laticaudatus may be confused with T. brasiliensis, but is distinguished from it by the ears that are connected, and the shorter second phalanx of the fourth finger. The color is dark brown. The dental formula is I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3, total 30. The skull is similar to N. macrotis , but the in¬ terorbital region is shorter and comparatively wider in N, laticaudatus , and the basisphenoidal pits are shal¬ lower. In the specimens from Formosa Province, the upper incisors are more nearly parallel than in those of N. macrotis from Tucuman and Salta provinces, and il is shorter than i2 and is not bilobed. Measurements. — Table 18. Comments. — Habitat and habits are almost un¬ known for Argentina. This species is known to be preyed upon by Stygian owls (Asia stygius ) in the cerrado of Brazil (Motta Junior and Taddei, 1992). The specimen from Salta Province was captured in the forest and that from Formosa Province in swampy chacoan vegetation of palms with low brush. Specimens Examined (2).—FORMOSA: Clorinda, 13 km al S, sobre ruta 11,1 (CML). SALTA: Oran, 15 km S, 15 km W, along Rio Santa Maria, 1 (CM). Additional Records. — MISIONES: Arroyo Yabebyri, entre Loreto y el Arroyo Yabebyri, sobre ruta 12 (Massoia et al., 1989(f); Puerto Aguirre (=Puerto Iguazu) (Vaccaro, 1992). Nyctinomops macrotis (Gray) Nyctinomus macrotis Gray, Annals of Natural His¬ tory, ser. 11,4:5, 1839. Nyctinomops macrotis'. Miller, Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia, 54:393, 1902. The name of this species has been cited in differ¬ ent forms by different authors, mainly in the combina¬ tions Nyctinomus mo loss us, Tadarida mo loss a, or T. molossus. Apparently, the use of these names has been due to the fact that authors considered that the original description of this form corresponded to Vespertilio BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 187 molossus Pallas. Husson (1962) explained his arguments for the use of the name macrotis and summarized the synonyms that should be adopted for Molossus molossus Pallas and Tadarida macrotis (Gray). The proper ge¬ neric name is Nyctinomops, Type Locality. — Cuba, Distribution .— In South America, it is absent only from western Peru, southwestern Bolivia, Chile, and most of Argentina. The southernmost localities are in Uruguay, in the Rio de la Plata, and in the Rio Tacuarembo (Gonzalez, 1977), which is why Koopman (1982) probably included it to the south of the Rio de la Plata in Argentina. Distribution in Argentina. — Figure 132. Description (Figs. 133a, 133b, and 134).— This is the largest species of Nyctinomops , with the length of the forearm ranging from 58.2 to 62.6 mm. Color is variable. Specimens from Tucuman and Salta provinces are very dark, the membranes almost black, whereas the specimen from La Rioja Province is lighter (brown) and has paler wing membranes. The bases of the hairs are generally white or cream and paler than the tips. The venter is paler than the dorsum. The pelage extends only slightly over the membranes, although there is some hair on the propatagium bordering the forearm, on the metacarpal of the fifth finger, and on the wide daetylopatagium in the area of union of the phalanges. Some hair also is found on the margin of the calcars, on the inner surface of the ear to the sides of the keel, and on the membrane between the ears. Ears are very large, extending beyond to the tip of the snout when laid forward, their margins convex to semicircu¬ lar; a series of four or five dermal tubercles or spicules are located on their anterior border. The keel of the ear is well developed. The tragus is small and square, simi¬ lar to that of T. brasiliensis , but proportionally smaller. The antitragus is semicircular and longer than it is high. The snout is wide, with the nares opening toward the sides. The upper lip has the deep folds or wrinkles char¬ acteristic of the genus and a dense moustache. Abun¬ dant hairs cover the snout. The upper border of the nares is traversed by a series of comified processes as in T. brasiliensis. The wing membranes are narrow and in¬ sert at about the midpoint of the tibia. The free portion of the tail is longer than the portion included in the Figure 133. Lateral view of face of: (a) Nyctinomops macrotis ; and comparison of the forearms and wings of (b) Nyctinomops macrotis ; (c) Nyctinomops laticaudatus\ and (d) Tadarida brasiliensis. uropatagium. The calcars are well developed, and the feet and thumbs are similar to those of T brasiliensis. The skull is elongate, has a narrow rostrum, and barely widens at the lacrimal processes. The part of the skull between the lacrimal process and the braincase is thin and tubular. The sagittal crest is low and barely distinguishable; the lambdoidal crests are poorly devel¬ oped. The zygomatic arches are thin and not widened as in T. brasiliensis. The anterior emargination of the palate is narrow and elongate, such that the incisors are parallel instead of converging as they do in Tadarida. The nasals are widened anteriorly and folded downward, giving them a very distinctive appearance. The basisphe- noidal pits are deep. The dental formula is I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3, total 30. The upper incisors are thin and long, parallel or slightly inclined in some specimens, but never as much as in Tadarida , and are separated from the ca- 188 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 134. Skull and teeth of Nyctinomops macrotis. Adult female from San Miguel de Tucuman, Tucuman Province (SIG 36). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. nines by a wide space. The canines are thin and sharp, with a slightly grooved anterior face. The PI is small, its crown rounded, and the point slightly inclined to the lingual side and separated from the P2 by a small di¬ astema. The P2 has a well-developed paracone, the high¬ est cusp of the molariform teeth. Some specimens had supernumerary P2 and p2 (Guerrero, 1985). Ml and M2 have all cusps and commissures. M3 has three com¬ missures; the hypocone is absent. In some specimens a weak fourth commissure is evident on the last molar due to an expansion of the metacone. In the mandible, il and i2 are bifid and in contact with each other, thus filling the space between the canines. The other teeth are similar to Tadarida but larger, all with a pronounced talonid and trigonid. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 189 Table 18. Measurements q/Tadarida brasiliensis, Nyctinomops laticaudatus, and Nyctinomops macrotis. For a description of the measurements, see the Materials and Methods. Mean, standard deviation, and sample size are followed by range. Variable Tadarida brasihensis Nyctinomops laticaudatus Nyctinomops macrotis Total length 97.5 ± 5.79, 34 87.0 - 114.0 107.0, 1 138.9 ± 17.92, 5 126.1 - 170.0 Tail length 35.3 ± 2.92, 31 30.0 -42.0 47.0, 1 50.9 - 54.0 52.9 ± 1,23, 5 Hindfoot length 8.7 ± 6.70, 32 6.7 - 12.0 9.9 ±0.58, 3 9.5 - 10.6 Ear length 17.1 ± 2.46, 32 12.0-21.5 21.0, 1 26.8 ±0.95, 4 25.8 - 28.0 Forearm length 43.5 ± 1.12, 38 41.8 - 45.8 43.1, 1 60.7 ± 1.62, 5 58.2 - 62.6 Weight 11.6 ±2.35, 29 8.2 - 19.0 20.0, 1 Condylobasal length 15.8 ±0.41, 38 15.0- 16.9 19.7, 1 21.6 + 0.61,4 21.3 - 22.6 Least interorbital breadth 5.2+0.53, 24 4.7-6.2 4.2, 1 4.4+0.12, 5 4.3 -4.6 Zygomatic breadth 9.9 ±0.22, 34 9.4 - 10.5 10.5, 1 11.9 + 0.37,4 11.6 - 12.3 Greatest length of skull 16,7 ±0.33, 38 16.0- 17.6 18,0, 1 22.9 ±0.64, 4 22.4 - 23.9 Postorbital constriction 4.0 ±0.11,39 3.8 -4.3 3.7, 1 3.9 ±0.08, 5 3.8-4.0 Breadth of braincase 8.4 ±0.18, 39 8.1 - 8.8 8.9, 1 10.2 ±0.24, 4 10.0- 10.5 Length of maxillary toothrow 6.1 ±0.14, 39 5.9-6.5 5.4, 1 8,6 ±0.19, 5 8.4 -8.9 Palatal length 6.7 ±0.19, 35 6.3 - 7.0 6.8, 1 8.6 ±0.27, 5 8.4 - 9.1 Mastoidal breadth 9.3 + 0.23, 36 8.9 -9.9 11.6 ±0.24, 4 11.4-11.9 Length of mandibular toothrow 6.5 ±0.19, 39 6.2 -7.0 9.2 ±0.31, 5 9.0 - 9.7 Length of mandible 11.6 ±0.31, 38 11.0- 12.5 12.9, 1 16.2 ±0.39, 5 15.7- 16.8 C-C (width across canines) 4.2 ± 0.21, 38 3.7 -4.7 4.6 ±0.15, 5 4.4 -4.8 M-M (width across molars) 7.0 ± 0.21, 37 6.2 -7.3 8.2 ±0.25, 5 7.9 - 8.6 Measurements. — Table 18. Comments. — The biology of this species is al¬ most unknown, especially in Argentina. Specimens mentioned by Guerrero (1985) were captured from a building in the city of Tucuman, where it is quite com¬ mon. This species is generally captured in natural habi¬ tats. Fonies (1964) collected individuals in fissures in a cave in La Rioja Province. Little is known about the diet. Ross (1967), Easterla and Whitaker (1972), and Freeman (J 979) re¬ ported a large proportion of lepidopterans, mainly Sphingidae, but also Grillidae, Tettigonidae, Formicidae, Pentatomidae, unidentified coleopterans, Cercopidae, and Cicadellidae as food items. Little information is available on reproduction. Specimens from Tucuman Province were not reproduc- 190 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 135. Map of the localities of Eumops auripendulus. lively active in May and June; the individuals from Dique El Potrero, Catamarca Province, were young with cartilaginous phalanges and were captured at the be¬ ginning of May. This species is known to be preyed upon by Stygian owls (Asia stygius) in the cerrado sa¬ vanna of Brazil (Motta Junior and Taddei, 1992). Specimens Examined (8).— CATAMARCA: Dique El Potrero, 1 (CM). JUJUY: Yuto, 1 (MACN). LA RIOJA: Cueva del Chacho, Patquia, 1 (CML). SALTA: Salta, Parque San Martin, 1 (SIG). TUCUMAN: San Miguel de Tucuman, 4 (3 CML, 1 SIG). Genus Eumops This New World genus contains the largest num¬ ber of molossid species in Argentina and they vary greatly in form and size. Eger (1977) recognized nine species, including E. trumbulli; later, Freeman (198 lu) treated trumbulli as a subspecies of E. perotis. We rec¬ ognize E, auripendulus , E. bonariensis (excluding E. patagonicus), E. dabbenei (including E. undenvoodi mederai ), E. glaucinus, E. patagonicus (including E. bonariensis beckeri), and E. perotis. Species of Eumops occupy many habitats in Ar¬ gentina. In addition to being, common in cities, espe¬ cially around human dwellings, buildings, and bridges, they also occupy natural refuges such as caves, cracks in rocks, and trees. The altitudinal range of Eumops is wide and some species can be found up to 3000 m (Eger, 1977). Miller (1906) characterized this genus by its slen¬ der skull, cylindrical interorbital region, and undiffer¬ entiated sagittal crest. Later (Miller, 1907) noted that Eumops is identified easily by its general nyctinomine form, slightly arched palate, and strongly projecting up¬ per incisors that completely fill the space between the canines. These characteristics do not fit all species, how¬ ever. If Nyctinomops macrotis is considered as a typi- BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 191 cal nyctinomine, some species are comparable and oth¬ ers are not. Procumbent upper incisors also are seen in the genus Promops , but its palate is strongly arched, its rostral region is notably shorter, and its braincase higher. Some species o{ Eumops could be confused with either Taciarida or Nyctinomops, but the lips of Eumops are smooth and lack the deep wrinkles characteristic of the other two genera. Eumops has been revised by Sanborn (1932), Eger (1977), and Freeman (198la), but few Argentine speci¬ mens were included in these studies so that the status of some species and subspecies remains uncertain. Eumops auripendulus (Shaw) Vespertilio auripendulus Shaw, General Zoology or systematic natural history, G. Kearsley, London, 1(1): 137, 1800. Eumops auripendulus : Goodwin, American Mu¬ seum Novitates, 1994:5, 1960. This species is poorly known in Argentina. Two subspecies were recognized by Eger (1977): E . a. auripendulus from central Bolivia to northern South America and Central America; and E. a. major along the coast of eastern Brazil, southern Paraguay, and north¬ eastern Argentina. The Bolivian subspecies likely ex¬ tends into northwestern Argentina where it could be con¬ fused with E. glaucinus. E. auripendulus is dark black¬ ish cinnamon and its tragus is small and pointed, whereas E. glaucinus is pale gray cinnamon and its tra¬ gus is well developed and square. Additionally, Husson (1962) indicated that in E. glaucinus the small PI is aligned in the toothrow, whereas in E. auripendulus it is displaced labially. However, in specimens of E. glaucinus from Salta and Jujuy provinces, PI was found to be displaced labially from the toothrow, suggesting that this character also may be variable in E. auripendulus. Eumops auripendulus major Eger Eumops auripendulus major Eger, Life Science Occasional Papers, Royal Ontario Museum, 25:2, 1974. Type Locality 1 . — Argentina, Misiones, Campo Viera. Distribution in Argentina. — Figure 135. Description (Figs. 136 and 144d).—Body size is medium for the species of the genus; length of forearm ranges from 61.0 to 68.0 mm. E. auripendulus is simi¬ lar in size to E. glaucinus, larger than E. patagonicus and E. bonariensis , but smaller than the other argentine species. Color is dark, blackish brown or blackish cin¬ namon above, and with the bases of the hairs lighter. The membranes are dark. The ears are shorter than the head and, when laid forward, do not extend beyond the tip of the snout; the ears arise at the same point on the forehead and are united at their bases). The tragus is small and pointed; the antitragus is semicircular and wider than it is high. The upper lip is smooth, without folds or wrinkles. Hair extends dorsally over the mem¬ branes bordering the forearm, over the propatagium, and to the metacarpals. Hair on the ventrum extends over the propatagium bordering the humerus. The wing mem¬ branes attach at the midpoint of the tibia. The free por¬ tion of the tail is shorter than the portion included in the uropatagium. The skull is basically as in E. glaucinus , but the sagittal crest is more developed, the basisphenoidal pits are shallower (although well marked), and the M3 have only two commissures. The lacrimal process is accen¬ tuated and pointed, and the rostrum proportionally wider and shorter than in E. glaucinus. The dental formula is I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3, total 30. Measurements. — Table 19. Comments. —Almost nothing is known about the biology of this subspecies. Massoia (1976) considered it an inhabitant of the eastern tropical forest, and the chacoan and espinal thorn scrub regions, Individuals have been found under the loose bark of trees in Guate¬ mala (Jones, 1966); in bell towers and roofs in French Guiana (Brosset and Dubost, 1967); and flying over pastures and savannas near gullies in Venezuela (Handley, 1976), They range up to 1250 m in Peru (Koopman, 1978). The only data on reproduction for the southern subspecies were given by Myers and Wetzel (1983) for specimens from Paraguay; a pregnant female was captured in November and a reproductively inac¬ tive individual was collected in July. Specimens Examined (5).—-CHACO: Resistencia, 1 (MLP). MISIONES: Campo Viera, 1 (ROM); Colonia Martires, 1 (CEM); Eldorado, 1 (CEM). SANTA FE: Esperanza, 1 (MACN). 192 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure J36. Skull and teeth of Eumops auripendulus. Adult female from Esperanza, Santa Fe Province (MACN 16547). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. Additional Records .— MISIONES: Bonpland (Eger, 1977); Escuela 633, km 11 (Massoiaand Chebez, 1989). BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 193 68 ° 64 ° 60 ° 56 ° Figure 137. Map of the localities of Eumops bonariensis. Eumops bonariensis (Peters) Promops bonariensis Peters, Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1874:232, 1874. Eumops bonariensis bonariensis Sanborn, Jour¬ nal of Mammalogy, 13:354, 1932. Four subspecies were recognized by Eger (1977): E. b. bonariensis , E. b, beckeri, E. b, nanus, and E, b. delticus. However, we have found E. b. bonariensis and E. b. beckeri maintaining distinct differences in sym- patry inTucuman Province. Therefore, we have elevated beckeri to the species level and have revalidated the name pat a go mats T h o mas, 1924 (see discussion in the E. patagonicus account). Other authors have questioned the subspecific status of some of the forms. Handley (1976) considered nanus as a distinct species, but Koopman (1993) included this form in bonariensis. Type Locality .— Argentina, Buenos Aires. Distribution. — The distribution of E. bonariensis in South America is wide. E. b. nanus is found in the northern part of the continent in a strip from the north¬ ern coast of Peru, western Ecuador, northern Colom¬ bia, Venezuela, and the Guianas, northward into Cen- 194 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY tral America to southern Mexico. E. b. delticus is known from only a few localities from the Amazon drainage in Brazil, Peru, and Colombia. The distributions of the other two subspecies are not clear. Apparent ly those that were previously considered E. b. beckeri (here treated as E. patagonicus ) are found in Bolivia, Paraguay, and Argentina, including the provinces of Buenos Aires and Chubut (the location of the type specimen of E. patagonicus). E. b. bonariensis y which was previously restricted to Buenos Aires, Uruguay, and southern Bra¬ zil, appears to be widely distributed, reaching north¬ western Argentina at least as far as the province of Tucuman. Additional specimens from different locali¬ ties are required to resolve the distributions of the sub¬ species and the identity of each of the forms. Distribution in Argentina. — Figure 137. Description (Figs. 138a, 138b, 138c, 138d, and 139).— Four Eumops were collected at Las Talas, Tucuman Province that showed great variation. Using Eger (1977), the three larger specimens were identified as E. b. bonariensis and the smaller as E. b. beckeri. Later, clear differences also were found for specimens from the Northwest in the MACN collection. The dif¬ ferences between E. b. bonariensis and the smaller specimens (E. b. beckeri = E, patagonicus) are as fol¬ lows, with the characteristics of E. patagonicus given in parentheses (see also Fig. 138): size larger (smaller); ears very wide (narrower); internal keel of the ear thick and long, projecting behind the posterior border of the antitragus (thin and not projecting beyond the anterior border of the antitragus); weight greater (lesser); length of forearm generally more than 48.0 mm (generally less than 45.0 mm); skull elongate (short and globose); ba- sisphenoidal pits, in general, well separated by a wide shelf (in general separated by a thin wall). E. patagonicus is discussed below. Eumops bonariensis is a medium-sized bat, but is small for the Genus Eumops . The length of forearm ranges from 46.0 to 49.0 mm, but is normally greater than 48.0 mm. The skull is longer than 18.7 mm and the condylobasal length is more than 17,5 mm. The dorsal color is cinnamon brown, with the bases of the hairs paler, generally white. It is paler ventrally, with the tips of some hairs frosted. The membranes may be light or dark, but are brownish. Ventrally, the hair ex¬ tends to the sides of the body and plagiopatagium be¬ tween the midpoint of the humerus almost to the knee; the proximal portion of the uropatagium is also haired. Figure 138. Eumops bonariensis (a, b, c, and d) and Eumops patagonicus (e, f, and g): (a) face, lateral view; (b) face, frontal view; (c) head, dorsal view; (d) tragus; (e) face; (f) face frontal view; and (g) tragus. Dorsally, hair is distributed as on the ventrum, but ex¬ tends over the propatagium to the sides of the forearm, over the plagiopatagium and to the metacarpal of the fifth digit. The ears are wide but do not extend beyond the tip of the snout when laid forward; they are united by a thin membrane and form a closed “V” (more pro¬ nounced than in patagonicus). The inner surface of the ear is furrowed with a thick fleshy keel that projects beyond the posterior margin of the antitragus; this keel is traversed by many long, silky hairs. The anterior margin of the ear has small spinous dermal tubercles (generally no more than four). The antitragus is semi¬ circular, and is wider than it is tall. The tragus is small (no more than 2.5 mm high), rounded at the tip, has a slight expansion on its external side, and is hidden by the antitragus. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 195 Figure ] 39. Skull and teeth of Eumops bonariensis. Adult female from Las Talas, Tucuman Province (OMNH 18846). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. The snout is broad. The nares, which open to the side, are separated by a “V” -shaped furrow. The upper borders of the nasal openings are furrowed by small comified processes similar to those of Tadarida, but less pronounced. The dorsum of the snout is covered by long hairs (denser than in patagonicus ) that extend to the union of the ears. The upper lip is thick and wrinkled, but not forming folds as in Tadarida or Nyctinomops\ its lateral margins are bordered by fine hairs, and it has a downward-projecting tuft or mous¬ tache. The wing membranes attach at the base of the foot along the internal side of the tibia. More than one- half of the tail is included in the uropatagium. The cal¬ car is long and reaches almost to the tail. The skull is elongated. The rostrum is narrow, but widens at the lacrimal processes. The braincase has a clear depression near the mastoidal processes. Sagittal 196 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Table 19. Measurements o/Eumops auripendulus, Eumops bonariensis, and Eurnops dabenei. For a description of the measurements, see the Materials and Methods. Mean, standard deviation, and sample size are followed by range. Variable Eumops auripendulus Eumops bonariensis Eumops dab bene i Total length 138.6 ±8.38, 5 113.5 ±8.69, 16 165.0 ±0.00, 2 125.0 - 148.0 97.0 - 129.0 165.0 - 165.0 Tail length 50.8 ±4.54, 5 37.1 ±3.58, 16 57,5 ±2.12,2 47.0 - 58.0 31.0-43.0 56.0- 59.0 Hindfoot length 10.8 ± 2.04, 5 9.0- 13.0 8.7 ± 1.40, 14 5.0- 10.3 Ear length 19,8 ±4,08, 5 21.3 ±2.17, 16 26.0 ± 1.41, 2 13.0-23.0 16.0-24.0 25.0 - 27.0 Forearm length 65.0 ±3.08, 5 47.8 ± 0.92, 20 78.5 ±0.71,2 61.0-69.0 46.0- 49.1 78.0-79.0 Weight 17.5 ± 1.25, 12 16.0-20.0 76.0, 1 Condylobasal length 26,1 ±5.10,4 23.5 - 33.8 18.2 ±0.31, 19 17.5- 18.8 28.4, 1 Least interorbital breadth 8.2 ±0.05, 3 8.2-8.3 6.2 ± 0.15, 19 6.0-6.5 10.8, 1 Zygomatic breadth 15.5 ±0.50, 5 11.7 ±0.29, 20 19.4 ±0.50, 2 14.9- 16.2 11.1 - 12.3 19.0- 19.7 Greatest length of skull 25,3 ±0.45, 5 19.1 ±0.25,20 31.0 ± 0.85, 2 24.6 -25.7 18.7 - 19.7 30.4-31.6 Postorbital constriction 5.1 ±0.15, 5 4.2 ±0.15, 20 6.2 ±0.42, 2 5,0-5.3 4.0-4.5 5.9 - 6.5 Breadth of braincase 12.0 ± 0.15, 3 11.9- 12.2 9.4 ±0.23, 20 8.8 - 10.0 14.2, 1 Length of maxillary toothrow 9.9 ±0.28, 3 9.6 - iO.l 7.4 ±0.11,20 7.3 -7.7 12.5, 1 Palatal length 9.9 ±0.41,3 9.5 - 10.3 7.3 ±0.25, 18 7.0- 7.8 12.4, 1 Mastoidal breadth 13.4 ±0.45, 3 13.0 - 13.9 11.0 ±0.27, 19 10.7- 11.6 16.0, 1 Length of mandibular toothrow 10.9 ±0.35, 3 7.9 ±0.21, 19 14.3 ± 1.20, 2 10.6-11.3 7.7 -8.4 13.4 - 15.1 Length of mandible 19.3 ±0.84, 5 13.7 ±0.20, 20 23.6 ± 1.13,2 18.2 - 20.3 13.4 - 14.2 22.8 - 24.4 C-C (width across canines) 6.5 ±0 37, 3 6.3 - 7.0 4.9 ±0.15, 19 4.7-5.2 8.0, 1 M-M (width across molars) 10.5 ±0.15, 3 10.4 - 10.7 8.3 ±0.18, 19 8.1 - 8.7 13.2, 1 and lambdoidal crests are absent or poorly developed. Zygomatic arches are complete and strong, and are thicker anteriorly. The palate is narrow. The toothrows converge anteriorly. The incisive foramen is not divided by a septum and the caudal spine is barely visible. The pterygoids are parallel and wider near the hamular pro¬ cesses, which reach to the midpoint of the basisphenoi- dal pits. The basisphenoidal pits are oval and deep, and separated by a wide wall. This character may vary with age, but was clearly evident in all specimens examined. The dental formula is I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3, total 30. The upper incisors are hooklike, procumbent, generally parallel, united at the tips, and separated at the base. A diastema is present between the incisors and the canine. The upper canines arc well developed, wide in frontal view, and have a posteriorly projecting cin¬ gulum that is not in contact with the P2. The PI is small, cylindrical, and usually displaced to the labial side of the toothrow, although in some specimens it is aligned in the toothrow. The original description is based BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 197 on a specimen in which the P1 is not displaced. In most specimens of E. bonariensis, however, the PI is dis¬ placed to the labial side of the toothrow. The P2 is wide and well developed; its paracone is the highest cusp of the molariform toothrow; the protocone is low; the hy- pocone is absent; the mesostyle is in contact with the parastvle of Ml. MI and M2 are basically identical, possess all of the cusps, and have low hypocones. M3 has only three commissures and lacks the hypocone. The i 1 and i2 completely fill the space between the ca¬ nines (in some specimens il is displaced forward). The ll is markedly bilobed, and i2 is less so. The canines are normal, with their base projecting posteriorly be¬ low the anterior part of pi. The pi and p2 are small and kidney-shaped in dorsal view; pi is smaller than p2. All molars have a well-differentiated talonid and trigo- nid; ml and m2 are subequal in size, and m3 is some¬ what smaller. Measurements. — Table 19. Comments. — The biology of this species is al¬ most unknown. We have found it in the transitional for¬ est of Tucuman Province, as well as in urban areas, where they roost in holes in bridges, below roofs of dwellings, and in holes of eucalyptus and banana trees. Specimens from Aguas Chiquitas, Sierras de Medina, Tucuman, were captured with nets placed over quiet pools of water in gullies in the forest. Cabrera (1958) noted the abundance of this species in trees in the city of La Plata, Buenos Aires Province. Those from Aguas Chiquitas were not reproductively active in October, but two females at the end of December were lactating. Specimens from Las Talas, 4 km N Bella Vista, Tucuman Province, showed no reproductive activity at the end of March or April. These were netted together with E. patagonicus (which was reproductively active), Tadarida brasiliensis , Eptes ietis fur in a l is , Myotis levis dinelli, and Myotis albescens. Before beginning the evening activity, this species emits loud shrieking calls from the roost. They fly after dark. They are also preyed upon by bam owls [Tyto alba) in Misiones (Massoia et al., 1989c) and Buenos Aires provinces (Massoia et ah, 1989), and of striped owls (Asio clamator) in Buenos Aires Province (Massoia, 1988). These bats were com¬ mon food items of bam owls in Corrientes Province (Massoia et ah, 1988), Specimens Examined (41).— BUENOS AIRES: Bella Vista, 1 (MACN); Delta del Parana, I (MACN); La Plata, 9 (1 BMNH, 8 MLP); Moreno, 1 (MACN). ENTRE RIOS: Gualeguaychu, 1 (TCWC); Parque Nacional El Palmar, 1 (MACN). SANTA FE: Esperanza, 1 (MACN); Santa Fe, 1 (MFA). TUCUMAN: Aguas Chiquitas, El Cadiilal, 3 (CML); Aguas Chiquitas, Si¬ erras de Medina, 800 m, 4 (CM); Arroyo Aguas Chiquitas, Reserva Provincial Aguas Chiquitas, 5 (CML); Las Talas, 4 km al N de Bella Vista, 3 (OMNH); Piedrabuena, 3 (MACN); Reserva Provincial “Aguas Chiquitas” El Cadiilal, 3 (CM); San Miguel de Tucuman, 28 km NE, 3 (CM); San Miguel de Tucuman, 29 km NE, 1 (CM). Additional Records. — BUENOS AIRES: Canal 6, Delta bonaerense (Massoia et ah, 1989); Granja 17 de Abril (Massoia, 1988A); Punta Lara (Fomes and Massoia, 1967); Rio Carabelas (Fomes and Massoia, 1968). CORDOBA: SegundaUsina (Tiranti and Torres, 1998). Eumops dabbenei Thomas Eumops dabbenei Thomas, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 8, 13:481, 1914. Type Locality. — Argentina, Chaco, Tartagah Pre¬ viously the type locality was listed only as “Chaco prov¬ ince” and its exact locality was unknown. The species was described based on specimens that were sent to the BMNH from the MACN. The tags indicated only the province of origin. The type specimen has a tag with the number 8330 that, according to Dr. M Piantanida (personal communication) is the museum number. The locality for that number is Tartagal, Chaco Province. This locality is found at the northwestern exLrerne of the province on the shore of the Rio Teuco Carter and Dolan (1978:92) mentioned that on the tag of the type specimen was written “caught on board S. S. Obidense”. However, the tag did not have this comment written on it (R. M. Barquez, personal observation). In addition, in the original description Thomas mentioned a second specimen that we did not find in the BMNH. Distribution. — This species seems either to be rare or difficult to capture and its records are few and scattered. It is known only from Venezuela, Colombia, Paraguay, and Argentina. Specimens from Venezuela (we have examined one at the EBD) are very different from those from Paraguay and Argentina and may rep¬ resent another subspecies or species. However, we are unable to resolve the problem without additional speci¬ mens. 198 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 68° 64° 60° 56° 24 28 Figure 140. Map of the localities of Eumops dabbenei. Distribution in Argentina (Fig. 140).— This spe¬ cies is known only from the provinces of Chaco, Santa Fe, Salta, and Santiago del Estero. Cabrera (1958) syn- onymized this species with E. perotis. He mentioned having seen in the Institute de Medicina Regional de la Universidad Nacionai de Tucuman specimens of E, perotis from Santiago del Estero Province, among which there was one that did not differ in size from the holo- type and paratype of dabbenei. This specimen is men¬ tioned by Romana and Abalos (1950). Thomas’s origi¬ nal description of E. dabbenei indicated that it was the largest molossid in the Americas, exceeding E. perotis in size of the forearm and skull, but this is somewhat exaggerated. Description (Figs. 141 and 142).— Body size is large; length of forearm is 78, 79, and 82 mm for three of the specimens examined from Argentina. The fourth, the specimen from Tucuman Province, is a young indi¬ vidual with cartilaginous phalanges. Forearms for speci¬ mens from Venezuela measure up to 85.7 mm. Dorsal color is ochraceous brown, with the bases of the hairs paler, almost white. Ventral coloration is paler than the dorsum. The ears are notably shorter than in E. perotis and do not extend past the tip of the snout when laid forward; they insert about 12 mm posterior to the tip of the snout. The inner keel of the ear and is widened pos¬ teriorly, but thinner than in E. perotis. The tragus is simi¬ lar to that of E. perotis , square [although Eger (1977) described it as sharply pointed] and well developed. The antitragus is smaller than in E. perotis. The rostrum is well differentiated, and covered with hairs, although not as densely as in E. perotis. The lips are smooth with a barely visible fringe of hairs and a tuft or moustache on the upper lip. The furrow between the nasal openings forms a closed “V” that differs in form from the open one seen in E. perotis. The tail is notably thickened. The thumb is larger than in E. perotis , and has a basal triangular pad, which is rounded in E. perotis. The skull is robust, but narrower and shorter than in E. perotis. The profile is more elevated over the pos¬ terior one-third due to the well-developed sagittal crest. The zygomatic arches are thick and complete, but shorter than in E. perotis. The nostrils are not tubular. The ba- sisphenoidai pits are shallow and well separated. The posterior border of palate projects beyond the last mo¬ lar and the pterygoids are short, less than one-half the length of the palate measured from behind the incisors to the caudal spine. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 199 Figure 141. Eumops dabbenei : (a) face, lateral view and (b) head, dorsal view. The dental formula is I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3, total 30. The upper incisors are hooklike and procum¬ bent forward {perotis is less procumbent). In the speci¬ mens examined, the tips of the upper incisors are sepa¬ rated and the bases completely fill the space between the canines. M3 has two well-developed commissures, and a third, which is reduced, is less developed than in perotis. The il and i2 are as in perotis, but the i2 of a specimen from Paraguay (MACN) is smooth and not bilobed. The dentition of dabbenei is, in general, as in perotis , but the teeth are wider and more robust in dabbenei. Measurements .— Table 19. Comments .— The biology of this species is un¬ known. Myers and Wetzel (1983) captured specimens as they exited a hole about 5 m from the ground in the top of a dead tree located near an artificial lake sur¬ rounded by thorn forest, savanna, and palm groves. They also reported capturing a pregnant female in October, and three reproductively inactive females in August. Ibanez (1979) commented on specimens collected in Venezuela. Barquez and Lougheed (1990) reported a young individual with cartilaginous phalanges captured in mid-December in the roof of a house in the city of Tucuman. Specimens Examined (4).— CHACO: Tartagal, 1 (BMNH). SANTA FE: La Gallareta, Cerrito, km 60, 1 (MFA); San Javier, 1 (CEM). TUCUMAN: San Miguel de Tucuman, 1 (CML). Additional Records .— SALTA: Giiemes (Romana and Abalos, 1950). SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO: Sumampa (Romana and Abalos, 1950). TUCUMAN: Tucuman, ciudad (Barquez and Lougheed, 1990). Eumops glaucinus (Wagner) Dysopes glaucinus Wagner, Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 9(1):368, 1843. Eumops glaucinus: Miller, Proceedings of the Bio¬ logical Society of Washington, 19:85, 1906. Type Locality: Brazil, Mato Grosso, Cuiaba. Distribution .— Of the two subspecies recognized by Eger (1977) only one is found in South America, E. g. glaucinus. It occurs in the Guianas, Colombia, Ven¬ ezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northwestern Argentina, Paraguay, and most of Brazil to 25° S. It also occurs in Central America, reaching central Mexico, Cuba, and Jamaica. The other subspecies, E. g. floridanus, is re¬ stricted to the Florida peninsula. Distribution in Argentina (Fig. 143).— Fomes (1964) listed E. abrasus for Santa Victoria Este, Salta, but the correct identification for these specimens is E. glaucinus. Occurrence in the provinces of Catamarca and La Rioja (Olrog and Lucero, 1981) are not docu¬ mented by specimens. Description (Figs. 144a, 144b, 144c, and 145).— This species is similar to E. auripendulus, both exter¬ nally and cranially. It differs from auripendulus princi¬ pally by its paler coloration and the almost square tra¬ gus. The ears do not extend past the tip of the snout when laid forward and are united by a thin band on the forehead. The ear keel is well developed and projects posteriorly to the middle of the upper border of the an- 200 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 142. Skull and teeth of Eumops dabbenei. Adult female from Yacare, Paraguay (MACN). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. titragus. The tragus is well developed, wider at the base, and narrower at the tip. The lips lack wrinkles; the up¬ per lip has a tuft of short, sparse hairs. Dorsally, hair extends posteriorly along the forearm, along both the anterior and posterior part of the humerus, over the plagiopatagium, along the sides of the body, and over the propatagium. Ventrally, hair extends over the plagiopatagium to the sides of the body and along the posterior margin of the humerus and forearm; the rest of the membranes are naked. The skull is elongate and the rostrum is narrow. It is quite similar to E. auripendulus , but differs in the following traits: the sagittal crest is reduced or absent; the basisphenoidal pits are well defined, deep, and sepa¬ rated; and the third commissure of M3 is rudimentary. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 201 Figure 143. Map of the localities of Eumops glaucinus. Measurements .— Table 20. Comments .— The biology of this species is poorly known. Eger (1977) found significant geographic varia¬ tion in this species, but Myers and Wetzel (1983) re¬ ported great similarity among specimens from Chaco, Paraguay, and Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Karyotypes of speci¬ mens from Mexico, Honduras, and Costa Rica differ from those from Colombia (Warner et al., 1974). The statistical analysis of variation reported by Eger (1977) suggests that this could be a polytypic species composed of isolated populations. Specimens from Argentina are slightly smaller than those from Paraguay and Bolivia. Its habitats also are poorly known. Specimens have been collected from a hole in the trunk of a tree (Fomes, 1964) and over a shallow river bordered by gallery thorn forest (La Val, 1969). Handley (1976) cap¬ tured 83% of his specimens while they roosted in trees, 10% with nets, and 7% in dwellings; most of those cap- Figure 144. Eumops glaucinus (a, b, and c) and Eumops auripendulus (d): (a) face, lateral view; (b) head, dorsal view; (c) tragus; (d) tragus. c \% M- 4 : : 202 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 145. Skull and teeth of Eumops glaucinus. Young male from Yuto, Salta Province (CML 492). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. tured with nets were found over gullies, swamps, and ponds. This species is known to be preyed upon by Stygian owls (Asia stygius) in the Brazilian cerrado grasslands (Motta Junior and Taddei, 1992). Little is known about reproduction in this species. A specimen from Yuto, Jujuy (CML), was a juvenile with cartilaginous phalanges and was obtained in mid- September. During the same month in Paraguay, Myers and Wetzel (1983) collected a lactating female; a re- |roduclively inactive one was captured in August. In Venezuela pregnant and lactating females were captured in February, March, and May (Ibanez Ulargui, 1981) BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 203 and in Costa Rica in April, May, August, and Decem¬ ber (Gardner et al., 1970). Specimens Examined (6).— JUJUY: Yuto, 1 (CML). SALTA: Santa Victoria Este, 2 (l FCM, I MACN); Tonono, 1 km E sobre Rio Itiyuro, 2 (CML). TUCUMAN: San Miguel deTucuman, 456 m, I (CML). Additional Records .— LA RIOJ A: Departamento General Roca (Vaccaro, 1992). MISIONES: Caraguatay (Vaccaro, 1992). Eumops patagonicus Thomas Eurnopspatagonicus Thomas, Annals and Maga¬ zine of Natural History, ser. 9, 13:234, 1924. When describing E. bonahensis beckeri , Sanborn (1932) noted that E. patagonicus seemed to be almost the same size as E. b. beckeri from Paraguay and Bo¬ livia. This led him to question whether there was not an error in the locality and, as a consequence, he decided to treat the nominal species of Thomas as a subspecies of£, bonariensis , E. b. patagonicus. Most authors have since accepted E. patagonicus as a synonym of E. b. bonariensis. Cabrera (1958) followed this arrangement, noting that £. patagonicus cannot be distinguished from typical bonariensis and adding that there was no error in the origin (Chubut) of the holotype as Sanborn had suspected, since the specimen was collected by an ex¬ pedition from the MACN to that province. Addition¬ ally, he had seen specimens from Buenos Aires as small as the specimen in question (i.e., E patagonicus). Eger (1977) revised the genus without clarifying the identity of E. patagonicus and made only a brief comment about Cabrera’s attempt to establish the validity of Chubut as the type locality of E. patagonicus ; she suggested that additional material from this region would resolve the issue. Monjeau at al. (1994) cite a specimen of £, patagonicus that was captured in Dolavon, Chubut Prov¬ ince, the same province as the type specimen. Because the two forms previously considered to be subspecies of E. bonariensis, E. b. bonariensis and E. b. beckeri , were found in sympatry in Tucuman Prov¬ ince, we initially thought that beckeri should be treated as a distinct species. Later, we found that E. b. beckeri and E. b. bonariensis are also sympatric in the prov¬ inces of Sante Fe and Buenos Aires. A specimen in the MACN collection from Mar del Plata exhibited char¬ acters of the holotype of E. patagonicus in the BMNH, and also was similar to all of the specimens previously treated as E. b. beckeri. The description of E. patagonicus has priority over E b. beckeri and the name E. patagonicus should be used. Type Locality. — Argentina, Chubut. The holotype (BMNH 23.12.12.18) has a tag with the number of the museum in Buenos Aires (4068), but the exact location is not known (M. Piantanida, personal communication). Consequently, more information cannot be obtained about the precise locality of the origin. Distribution .— According to Eger (1977) and Barquez et al. (1993) this species occurs throughout Bo¬ livia, Paraguay, and northern Argentina, including Buenos Aires and Chubut provinces. Distribution in Argentina. — Figure 146. Description (Figs. I38e, 138f, 138g, and 147).— This species is generally similar to E. bonariensis and their differences are listed in the account for E. bonariensis. Length of forearm is less than 47 mm in Argentine specimens. Condylobasal length varies from 15.4 to 16.9 mm and greatest length of skull from 16.0 to 18.1 mm, Color is generally gray-brown; many speci¬ mens have white hairs scattered over the body, some¬ times forming tufts and spots. Bases of the dorsal hairs are white or cream. Ventrally, the general color is paler, with the bases of the hairs dark brown and the tips a strongly contrasting gray or ash, In some specimens, the bases of the ventral hairs are as pale as the bases on the dorsal hairs. The hairs extend over the membranes as in E. bonariensis but are more sparse on the sides of the forearm. The keel of the ear is thin and barely reaches the anterior margin of the antitragus, whereas in E. bonariensis it surpasses the posterior margin. The tra¬ gus is shorter and wider in E. patagonicus than in E. bonariensis. The ears form a wider angle at the point of insertion on the forehead. The dorsal side of the snout is covered with a less hair in E. patagonicus than in E. bonariensis. When these bats are observed alive, E. bonariensis is more robust in appearance than E. patagonicus (and, although smaller, is more similar to Nyctinomops macrotis). E. patagonicus is more likely to be confused with Tadarida brasiliensis. The skull and teeth are similar to E. bonariensis , but the braincase is shorter and more rounded in E. 204 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 68 r 64 60 56 24 c 28 o 32 36 o 40 44 o_ Figure 146. Map of the localities of Eumops patagomcus. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 205 Figure 147. Skull and teeth of Eumops patagonicus. Adult male from Las Talas, Tucuman Province (OMNH 18854). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. patagonicus ; the cranial depression is less marked; and the hasisphenoid pits are deep, oval, and barely sepa¬ rated by a narrow wall. The tips of the upper incisors are generally in con¬ tact. PI is small and displaced to the labial side of the toothrow. Measurements .— Table 20. Comments .— This species seems to be very com¬ mon in the chaco in disturbed areas, and near human habitations. Individuals were collected in suburban ar¬ eas of Tucuman Province (see comments in E. bonariensis ) and over estuaries surrounded by brush, swamps, and palm groves in Formosa Province. Some specimens obtained by J. R. Contreras (personal com¬ munication) were roosting below roofs of a rural shed in Laguna Paiva, B° Las Lomas, Corrientes Province. 206 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Table 20. Measurements o/Eumops glaucinus, Eumops patagonicus, and Eumops perotis. For a description of the measurements, see the Materials and Methods. Mean, standard deviation, and sample size are followed by range. Variable Eumops glaucinus Eumops patagonicus Eumops perotis Total length 142.5 ±7.59, 4 99.2 ±5.97, 34 180.8 ±6.45, 15 135.0 - 152.0 90.0 - 120.0 163.0 - 192.0 Tail length 55.0 ± 10.80,4 35.9 ±2.72, 35 62.3 ±4.02, 15 45.0- 70.0 30.0 - 43.0 56.0-71.0 Hindfoot length 11.0 ± 1.82,4 8.8 ± 1.08, 35 17.5 ±2.86, 14 9.0 - 13.0 7.0- 11.0 11.0-21.0 Ear length 24.6+ LI5, 3 16.9 ± 2.51, 35 45.9 ±4.66, 15 24.0 - 26.0 12.0-22.0 35.0 - 52.0 Forearm length 61.0 ± 2.82, 4 44.6 ± L21, 36 78.3 ±2.33, 17 58.0 - 64.5 42.4 - 47.0 73.0- 82.0 Weight 26.0 + 2.82,2 12.1 ±2.66, 18 68.1 ±4.43, 12 24,0-28 0 7.0-16.0 60.0 - 76.0 Condylobasal length 22.4 ±0.30, 3 16.3 ±0.31,34 30.5 ±0.76, 15 22.1 - 22.7 15.4 - 16.9 29.5 - 32.2 Least interorbital breadth 7.5, 1 5.6-6.5 5.9 ±0.25, 32 9.7 - 10.7 10.2 ± 0.28, 18 Zygomatic breadth 14.6 ±0.69, 3 10.8 ±0.25, 32 19.0 ±0.45, 17 13.8- 15.0 10.4-11.2 17.9- 19.6 Greatest length of skull 24.0 ± 0.30, 3 17.3 ±0.37, 33 31.5 ±0.75, 13 23.7-24.3 16.0 - 18.1 30 4 -32,7 Postorbital constriction 5.0 ±0.00 4.1 ±0.13, 36 5.5 ±0.18, 18 5.0-5.0 3.9 -4.5 5.1 -5.8 Breadth of braincase 11.10 ±0.55, 3 8.9 ±0.17, 35 13.9 ± 0.63, 15 10.5- 11.6 8.6-9.3 12.8 - 15.0 Length of maxillary toothrow 9.8 ±0.11,3 6.7 ±0.14, 36 12.8 ±0.27, 18 9.8- 10.0 6.5 -7.0 12.2- 13.3 Palatal length 9.4 ±0.05, 3 6.5 ±0.20, 34 12.6 ±0.33, 16 9.4 - 9.5 6.1 -7.0 12.0 - 13.2 Mastoidal breadth 12.9 ±0.15,3 10.2 ±0.26, 30 15.8 ± 0.37, 14 12.8-13.1 9.6- 10.7 15,2- 16.5 Length of mandibular toothrow 10.8 ±0.85, 3 7.3 ±0.16, 29 13.9 ±0.37, 17 10.2- 11.8 6.9-7.7 12.9 -14.4 Length of mandible 17.8 ± 0.26, 3 12.2 ±0.22, 31 23.8 ±0.59, 17 17,5 - 18.0 11.8- 12,6 22.3 - 24.7 C-C (width across canines) 5.8, 1 4.0-4.6 4.3 ±0.16,36 8.2-8.9 8.6 ±019, 18 M-M (width across molars) 9.4, 1 7.3 -8.2 7.8 ± 0.21, 36 12.8 - 13.8 13.2 ±0.26, 18 This is a common species in the Paraguayan chaco where it has been taken, together with Myotis albescens , M. nigricans , and Molossops temminckii, from under roofs constructed with trunks of overlaid palms (Myers and Wetzel, 1983). Pregnant females were captured in September and October, individuals exhibited no re¬ productive activity in January and from April to Au¬ gust (Myers and Wetzel, 1983). However, in Las Talas, 4 km N of Bella Vista, Tucuman Province, a male cap¬ tured in April had scrotal testes, as did others from Clorinda, 13 km al S, sobre ruta 11, Formosa Province, in the same month. Specimens Examined (171).— BUENOS AIRES: Mar del Plata, Campo de los Padres, 1 (MACN). CHACO: Barranqueras, 27 (5 CML, 1 MACN, 21 TTU); Colonia Benitez, 1 (CML); Pozo del Gato, 2 (CML); Resistencia, 15(14 BMNH, 1 KU); Rio de Oro, General Vedia, 2 (CML). CHUBUT: Chubut (no spe¬ cific locality), 1 (BMNH). CORRIENTES: Corrientes BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 207 Capital, Escuela 599, 12 (CML); Goya, 600 m, 5 (BMNH); Laguna Paiva, B° Las Lomas, 2 (OMNH); Manantiales, 18 (3 CML, 14 MACN, 1 MLP); Mburucuya, 1 (MACN); San Borgita, 1 (TTU). FORMOSA; Bartolome de Las Casas, 1 (CML); Clorinda, 13 km al S, sobre ruta 11,1 (CML); Colonia km 503, 8 (CML); Comandante Fontana, 1 (CML); El Churcal, approx. 10 km SSE Buena Vista, 3 (2 CML, 1 IADIZA-CM); El Colorado, 4 (1 CML, 1 MACN, 2 TTU); Puesto Divisadero, 35 km S, 5 km E Ing. Guillermo N. Juarez, 2 (CML). MISIONES: Aristobulo del Valle, 10 km W by road along Rio Cunapiru, 2 (1 CML, 1 IADIZA-CM); Misiones (no specific locality), 1 (BMNH); Villa Lanus, 3 (l MACN, 2 TTU). SALTA; Joaquin V. Gonzalez, 8 km S£, Finca San Javier, 1 (RMB); Oran, 15 km S, 15 km W, along Rio Santa Maria, 1 (CM); Santa Rosa, 13 (CML); Tartagal, 1 (MACN); Tonono, 1 km E sobre Rio Itiyuro, 1.4 (CML). SANTA FE; Puerto San Martin, 1 (SUVM). SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO; Banado de Figueroa, Rio Salado, 1 (CML); Rio Dulce, 5 km E Las Termas, camino a Vinara, 1 (CML). TUCUMAN: Gobemador Piedrabuena, 19 (MACN); Iglesia, 1 (MACN); Las Talas, 4 km al N de Bella Vista, 1 (OMNH); Piedrabuena, 3 (TTU). Additional Records. — CHACO; Saenz Pena (Eger, 1977); Villa Guillermina (Romana and Abalos, 1950). CHUBUT; Dolavon (Monjeau et al., 1994). CORRIENTES, Ensenadita (Massoia et al., 1988). FORMOSA; Bouvier, Clorinda (Eger, 1977), Laguna Blanca (Massoia, 1970); Parque Nacional Rio Pilcomayo (S. Heinonen F. and R. M. Barquez, in litt.). MISIONES: Arroyo Urugua-i (Massoia et al., 1987); Arroyo Zaiman (Massoia, 1980); Bonpland (Massoia et al., 1989c); Guarani (Massoia, 1980); Posadas (Massoia, 1980). SALTA; Santa Victoria Este (Fomes and Massoia, 1967). SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO: Santa Isabel (Eger, 1977). Eumops perotis (Schinz) Molossus perotis Schinz, Naturgeschichte und Abbildungen der Saugethiere. Das Thierreich eingetheilt nach dem Bau der Thiere als Grundlage ihrer Naturgeschichte und der vergleichenden Anatomie von dem Herm Ritter von Cuvier, Saugethiere und Vogel. J. G. Cotta’schen Buchhandlung, Stuttgart und Tubingen, 1:870, 1821. Eumops perotis: Miller, Proceedings of the Bio¬ logical Society of Washington, 19:85, 1906. Type Locality. — Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Paraiba, Campos do Goitacazes. Distribution — Eger (1977) recognized two sub¬ species, one of them in North America, E. p. californicus , and the other in South America, E. p. perotis. A third, E. p. trumbulli , has been recognized by some authors, but considered by Smith and Genoways (1969) and Eger (1977) to be a separate spe¬ cies, E. trumbulli. Anderson and Webster (1983) re¬ corded both forms (E. perotis and E. trumbulli) in north¬ ern Bolivia, Department of Beni, although not in sym- patry. The distribution of E. p. perotis extends as a nar¬ row strip from northern Venezuela and Colombia, along the western slopes of the Andes of Ecuador, Peru, Chile, and Argentina, southward to the province of Cordoba. It occurs in Bolivia, Paraguay, and east-central Brazil. It has not been cited for Uruguay. It does not enter the Amazon drainage, an area that is occupied only by E. trumbulli. Distribution in Argentina. — Figure 148. Description (Figs, 149 and 150).— Eumops perotis is distinguished easily from most other Eumops by its large size. It is similar only to E. dabbenei, from which it differs by its ears that, when laid forward, project beyond the tip of the snout. Length of forearm ranged from 73.0 to 82.0 mm in the specimens exam¬ ined. Dorsal color is brownish gray with the bases of the hairs generally white; however, in some specimens the bases of the dorsal hairs can be vary from gray to brown. Ventral color is paler. Dorsally, the pelage ex¬ tends over the base of the uropatagium, borders the fore¬ arm near the plagiopatagium up to the union of the fourth and fifth metacarpals, and over the propatagium. Ven- trally, the pelage extends over the plagiopatagium to the sides of the body; it borders the humerus and a small pail of the forearm. The dorsal surface of the snout is covered with long, fine hairs, which also are present between the nares, at the union of the ears, and border¬ ing the margin of the internal keel of the conch. The ears are semicircular and united on the anterior dorsal part of the snout. The ear keel is thick, becoming wider posteriorly. The tragus is well developed, square in shape, and about 1.5 mm in height. The antitragus is large, semicircular, and about twice as wide as it is tall. The rostrum is short. The upper lip has a moustache at its tip. The nares open upward and outward and are bor- 208 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 148. Map of the localities of Eumops perotis. dered by a series of small dermal tubercles. The lips are thick, smooth, and without wrinkles. The wings are long and narrow and attach on the lower one-half of the tibia. The tail is thick, with less than one-half its length in¬ cluded in the uropatagium. The calcars are well devel¬ oped and about the same length as the portion of the tail enclosed in the uropatagium. A gular sack, is gener¬ ally visible and is more developed in males. The skull is elongated, narrow, and flattened in silhouette, but widened at the lacrimal processes in dor¬ sal view. The postorbital constriction is pronounced, per¬ mitting a clear definition between the rostrum and the braincase. The sagittal crest is present but low, begin¬ ning slightly anterior to the postorbital constriction; it is slightly more elevated in males and hardly visible in juveniles. The lambdoidal crests are well developed, BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 209 but less so than in E, dabbenei, and project posteriorly only slightly; they are hardly visible in juveniles. The zygomatic arches are complete, well ossified, and thin¬ ner on the posterior one-third. The palate is narrow, extending beyond the last molars. The pterygoids are long, approximately one-half the length of the palate (less than one-half in E. dabbenei). The basisphenoidal pits are deep, oval, and separated by a thin shelf (they are notably larger in E. perotis than in E. dabbenei). The nostrils are tubular and have a small anterolateral projection that is not present in E. dabbenei. The dental formula is I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3, total 30. The upper incisors: are hooklike; project down¬ ward (they are proodont in E. dabbenei ); are united ba- sally; generally fill the space between the canines; and, in many specimens, their tips are in contact (in others they are divergent). The canines are normal. The PI is small and usually displaced to the labial side of the toothrow. The P2 and the canine are normally in con¬ tact. Occasionally PI is slightly displaced lingually and, in some individuals, is vestigial, a condition that we have observed in only one of the toothrows at a time. P2 has an elevated paracone and a reduced protocone. M1 and M2 are identical, with four commissures, a well- developed protocone, and a reduced (or absent) hypo- cone. The M3 has three commissures, the third reduced. In E. dabbenei , two commissures are normally present, although sometimes the third also is present. The il and i2 are bilobed and fill the space between the canines; i 1 is displaced forward. The cingulum of the canines projects posteriorly so that it inserts below the anterior margin of pi. The pi and p2 are similar, but pi is smaller; both have one well-developed cusp, the proto- conid. In the lower molars, the talonid and trigonid are well differentiated; ml and m2 are subequal in size, and m3 is smaller. Measurements .— Table 20. Comments .— This is a common species in urban areas where it roosts in cracks and roofs of buildings, in towers, and in trees. In natural areas it uses cracks in rocks of cliffs. It may be colonial or solitary. Vaughan (1959) summarized information on roosts, functional morphology, food habits, and flight for the North Ameri¬ can subspecies. Little is known about diet in this species. Free¬ man (19816) suggested that it fed on soft prey, unlike auripendulus. Freeman (1979) indicated that this spe¬ Figure 149. Eumops perotis : (a) face, lateral view; (b) head, dorsal view; and (c) tragus. cies prefers lepidopterans of the Family Sphingidae. This species is common in the city of Tucuman, where it roosts mainly in trees. In Laguna Paiva, Corrientes Prov¬ ince, old abandoned rural dwellings are used as day¬ time roosts. Little is known about reproductive activity of this species in Argentina. A juvenile with deciduous dentition was captured in mid-December in the city of San Miguel de Tucuman; specimens showing no repro¬ ductive activity were recorded at the beginning of May, in Clorinda, 13 km S, sobre rut a 11, Formosa Province, and during the mid-March in Corrientes Province. Barquez and Ojeda (1992) reported a large colony liv- 210 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 150. Skull and teeth of Eumops perotis. Adult, sex unknown from Tucuman Province, (CML 2242). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 211 ing under the roof of a rural dwelling in Colon la km 503, Formosa. In Corrientes Province, Massoia ct al. (1990) found that this species was eaten by bam owls (Tyto cilba).- Specimens Examined (78),— CHACO; General Vedia, 2 (1 ROM, 1 TCWC). CORDOBA: Cordoba, 1 (BMNH); Unquillo, 1 (MACN). CORRIENTES: La¬ guna Paiva, B° Las Lomas, 11 (OMNH). FORMOSA; Clorinda, 13 km al S, sobre ruta 11,1 (CM); Colonia km 503, 1 (CML); Patino, 1 (MACN). JUJUY Yuto, 1 (AMNH). LA RIOJA: Patquia, 1 (MACN). SALTA: Campo Santo, Escuela Nacional 149, 5 (2 ROM, 3 TCWC); Salta Capital, 1 (MACN). SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO: Banado de Figueroa, Rio Salado, 1 (CML); El Retiro, 1 (MACN); Nueva Esperanza, 1 (MACN); Pozo Hondo, 1 (MACN); Santa Catalina, 5 km W, 1 (MACN); Sarapampa, 1 (SIG). TUCUMAN; Concepcion, 28 (7 BMNH, 1 FMNH, 20 MACN); Dique San Ignacio, 1 (CML); Institute) Lillo, San Miguel deTucuman, 1 (CML); LasTalitas, 1 (CML); Rio Sail, 1 (CML); San Miguel de Tucuman, 9 (8 CML, 1 SIG); San Miguel deTucuman, Plaza Independence, 1 (CM); San Pedro de Colalao, 1 (CML); Tucuman, 1 (FMNH); Tucuman, 456 m, 2 (BMNH). Additional Records. — CORDOBA: Cama Cortada, cerca de Los Hoyos (Crespo et al., 1961); Segunda Usina (Tiranti and Torres, 1998). CORRIENTES: Desaguadero, Escuela 208, Ruta Pro¬ vincial 5, a 20 km de Corrientes (Massoia et ah, 1990). JUJUY: Dique La Cienaga. casa del club nautico, 30 km SSW San Salvador de jujuy, 1000 m (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Libertador General San Martin (Eger, 1977); San Salvador de Jujuy (Eger, 1977). SALTA: Dragones (Eger, 1977); Escuela 149, 30 km NE Salta (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Salta, 30 km NE (Eger, 1977). SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO: Girardet (Romana and Abalos, 1950); La Banda (Romana and Abalos, 1950); Las Termas (Romana and Abalos, 1950); Sumampa (Romana and Abalos, 1950). TUCUMAN: Caspichango (Massoia, 1976), Tucuman, ciudad (Romana and Abalos, 1950). Genus Promops This genus contains two species and both occur in Argentina. They are similar in appearance and differ mainly in size. They may be confused with some spe¬ cies of A Colossus. In Promops, the upper incisors are long and proodont and there are two pairs of lower in¬ cisors, In Mo loss us y the upper incisors are 1/1, short and projected downward, and there is only one pair of lower incisors. The deeply concave palate of Promops differs from the comparatively flat palate of the other molossids. The snout has a strongly domed median keel in Promops\ in Molossus the keel is well developed, but straight. Cranially, Promops are quite distinct from the other molossid genera. The ears are short and do not extend beyond the tip of the snout when they are laid forward. The ears are separated, although only slightly. The tragus is small and the antitragus is more developed. The wings are long and narrow. The tail is comparatively long in relation to other Argentine molossids. The calcars are long, reaching the tail. This genus needs additional taxonomic work. Tho¬ mas (1915) recognized six species ( centralis , occultus, fosteri , nasutus , ancilla , and pamana ) and later added a seventh, P. davisoni (Thomas, 1921). Only two species are presently recognized, P. centralis and P. nasutus. The biology and ecology of these species is poorly known and the taxonomy and status of the different populations is uncertain. Promops centralis Thomas Promops centralis Thomas, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 8, 16:62, 1915. Promops occultus was described by Thomas (1915) from Paraguay and presently is treated by many authors as a subspecies of P. centralis. Handley (1966) considered P occultus conspecific with P. centralis and P. davisoni from Peru. Ojasti and Linares (1971) indi¬ cated that occultus and davisoni should be treated as subspec ies of centralis , an opinion shared by Koopman (1978) and Freeman (198 la). Genoways and Williams (1979) did not agree that davisoni should be treated as a subspecies of centralis due to its smaller size, which they felt placed it near P. nasutus. We recognize the specimens from Argentina as P. c. occultus. Distribution. — This species occurs from Mexico to Peru, and northern Argentina. It is also found in Suriname, and has been collected in Bolivia (Ibanez and Ochoa, 1985). 212 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 60 ° Figure 151. Map of the localities of Promops centralis. Promops centralis occultus Thomas Promops occultus Thomas, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 8, 16:62, 1915. Type Locality .— Paraguay, Supucay. Distribution in Argentina .— Figure 151. Description (Figs. 152 and 154f).— General ap¬ pearance is similar to P. nasutus, but P. centralis occultus is slightly larger, with the length of the forearm greater than 50 mm. Dorsal color is dark brown, with the basal two-thirds of the hairs pale, not white as in some speci¬ mens of P. nasutus. The dental formula is as in P. nasutus, but the skull is more robust and large, and the sagittal crest is well developed, especially in males. Other characters are as in P. nasutus (see the species account for P. nasutus). Measurements .— Table 21 Comments .— The biology of this species is al¬ most unknown. Myers and Wetzel (1983) captured a pregnant female in September in the chaco of Paraguay. A specimen from Clorinda, 13 km S, sobre ruta 11, Formosa Province, was reproductively active at the be¬ ginning of May (winter). This specimen was captured in a net placed over a puddle of rainwater in an area of cleared Fields and cultivated plants. Massoia (1976) captured six specimens from a daytime roost located in a palm tree at HI Colorado, Formosa Province. Specimens Examined (4).— FORMOSA: Clorinda, 13 km al S, sobre ruta 11,1 (CML); HI Colo¬ rado, 3 (MACN). Promops nasutus (Spix) Molossus nasutus Spix, Simiarum et Vespertilionum Brasiliensium species novae ou histoire naturelle des especies nouvelles de singes et de chauve- souris observees et recueillies pendant le voyage dans Finterieur du Bresil execute par ordre de S. M. le Roi de Baviere dans les annees 1817, 1818, 1819, 1820. Francisci Seraphici Hubschmanni, Monachii, p. 58, 1823. Promops nasutus: Miller, Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 57:260, 1907. Type Locality .— Brazil, Bahia, Rio Sao Francisco. Distribution .— This species is found in Suriname, French Guiana, eastern Venezuela, eastern Ecuador, eastern Peru, and western and central Brazil and south¬ ern Bolivia to Paraguay and northern Argentina (Ander¬ son, 1991, 1997; Anderson and Webster, 1983; Ibanez and Ochoa, 1985; Koopman, 1982, 1993). This species is widely distributed in northern Ar¬ gentina. The specimen cited by Ojeda and Barquez (1976) as P. nasutus from Formosa Province was re- identified as P. centralis. Thomas (1915) described P. ancilla based on a specimen from Cachi, Salta Prov¬ ince, and others from Tucuman Province. Crespo (1958) reported this species as P n. nasutus in Posadas, Misiones Province, based on the dark hairs with light bases. Throughout Argentina and in other parts of its distribution this species occupies various phytogeo¬ graphic regions. In general, specimens from forested regions are darker than those from and areas. For ex¬ ample, those from El Cadillal, Rio Loro, Tucuman Prov¬ ince, and Quebrada de Acambuco, 5 km W Dique Ttiyuro, Salta Province, which are forested areas, are darker than those from Nueva Esperanza, Santiago del Estero Province, which is dry chaco vegetation, and those from Cachi, Salta Province, which is Monte, not Chaco, as assumed by Myers and Wetzel (1983). How¬ ever, differences in color exist between specimens from distant localities within the same phytogeographic zone. The taxonomic situation of the subspecies of P. nasutus is confusing and will not be resolved without a detailed revision. No characters have been found that can be used to differentiate populations from northwest¬ ern Argentina from those of the northeastern Argentina. Distribution in Argentina .— Figure 153. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 213 Figure 152. Skull and teeth of Promops centralis. Adult male from 13 km S Clorinda, Formosa Provmce (CML 2050). The last molar is missing. Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. Description (Figs. 154a, 154b, 154c, 154d, 3 54e, and 155).— Body size is medium, with the length of the forearm ranging from 45.0 to 49.3 mm (in P. cen¬ tralis it is greater than 50 mm). General coloration is cinnamon brown, and is darker in specimens from hu¬ mid forests. In general, the bases of the hairs are paler and in some specimens form a wel l-differentiated white band. The ventral color is paler. The membranes and ears are variable in color, but are generally dark, almost black. Specimens from Santiago del Estero Province may be light brown. Ventrally, the hair extends to the sides of the body over the plagiopatagium as a wide band that extends from the elbow to the knee. Another less densely colored, but wide, band extends along the posterior side of the forearm, covering one-half of the metacarpal of the fifth digit and extending over the wide 214 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY dactylopatagium. Dorsally, the hair that borders the body extends from the middle of the humerus to the knee, bordering the forearm over the plagiopatagium and cov¬ ering one-half of the metacarpal of the fifth digit and all the anterior portion of the wide dactylopatagium. Some hairs are found on the dorsal and ventral sides of the uropatagium. The ears are small and rounded; when laid forward they barely extend to the comer of the eyes. The ears are separated at the forehead by a space of less than 1 mm. The ear keel is poorly developed but wid¬ ens distally. The tragus is small, barely 2 mm, with a rounded tip, and a small lateral basal projection. The antitragus is long, more or less 4 mm, and is constricted at the base. One of the most important external characters is the strongly domed keel that extends from behind the nares to between the ears. The rostrum has many folds and wrinkles that are more evident in fresh specimens or those preserved in alcohol. The lips lack warts; the upper lip has small wrinkles that do not form folds and is bordered by a fringe of long, soft hai rs. The tip of the snout is covered by a patch of short, stiff hairs, that curve upwards. The tail is long and more than one-half of its length is included in the uropatagium. The calcars are more developed than in other molossids and border the uropatagium until they contact the margins of the tail. Males have a well-developed gular sack. The skull is wide and globose and the rostrum is short; in profile the braincase is very high. The sagittal crest is well developed, but low, and reaches its great¬ est height at the anterior part of the braincase. The zy¬ gomatic arches are complete but thin on their posterior one-third. The palate is strongly domed, a characteris¬ tic of the genus. The basisphenoidal pits are shallow. The tympanic bulla barely covers half of the cochlea. The dental formula is I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3, total 30. The upper incisors are thin and proodont, their tips are slightly divergent, and they completely fill the space between the canines. The PI is reduced and diffi- BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 215 Figure 154, Propmops nasutus (a, b, c, d, and e) and Promops centralis (f): (a) face, lateral view; (b) face, frontal view; (c) body (life size); (d) tragus; (e) forearm, and (f) forearm. cult to see without magnification; it is displaced labi- ally. In some specimens examined, the PI was absent, probably lost during skull cleaning. The P2 is large, tri¬ angular in profile, its cingulum oblique to the toothrow, its paracone high, and its protocone low and projecting forward. The Ml and M2 are well developed, subequal in size, have four commissures, and a hypocone that is barely present or absent. The M3 has two commissures and lacks a hypocone. The lower incisors are bifid and completely fill the space between the canines. In some specimens the margins of i2 are entire, but i2 is always smaller than il. The canines are well developed and their cingula are in contact at their anterior margins. The p 1 is small, its anteriormost point mounted over the posterior bor¬ der of the cingulum of the canine; p2 is slightly larger than pi. The ml and m2 are complete, with the talonid and trigonid well differentiated, m3 is complete, but the distance between the hypoconid and the entoconid is reduced, giving the impression that only a single cusp is present. Measurements. — Table 21. Comments. — Specimens from El Cadillal, Rio Loro, Tucuman Province, had scrotal testes at the end of June. A female from Nueva Esperanza, Santiago del Estero Province, was pregnant at the end of October; one from Quebrada de Acambuco, 5 km W Dique Itiyuro, Salta Province, had a 3 g fetus at the end of November. In Paraguay, specimens were not reproduc- tively active in July and August (Myers and Wetzel, 1983). Individuals from El Cadillal, Rio Loro were cap¬ tured leaving roosts located in the narrow cracks of a vertical clay cliff. Nearby were several small natural caves, but bats were not found in them. Sazirna and Uieda (1977) found this species in roofs of urban dwell¬ ings, and Silva (1975) captured them in Brazil in roofs made of shingles and in a basement. Freeman (1981a) found much similarity between Promops and Molossus in the type of wing, but indicated that Promops should feed on softer insects judging by its less-robust skull and mandible. Little is known about its diet. Items in the stomachs of specimens from Tucuman Province were unidentifiable. Specimens Examined (34).— CATAMARCA: Balneano El Caolin, 6 km NW Chumbicha, 1 (OMNH); Dique El Potrero, 1 (CM). JUJUY: Arroyo Sauzalito, Parque Nacional Calilegua, 1 (CML); Yuto, 4 (AMNH). SALTA: Cachi, 2500 in, 1 (BMNH, type of Promops ancilla ); Finca La Cruz, 1 (CML); Finca Santa Cruz, 3 km N Las Mercedes, 1. (CML); Piquirenda Viejo, 6 km W, 1 (CML); Quebrada de Acambuco, 5 km W Dique Itiyuro, 2 (CML); San Antonio, 5 (MACN). SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO: Nueva Esperanza, 12 (2 CML, 10 MACN), TUCUMAN: El Cadillal, Rio Loro, 2 (RMB); San Miguel de Tucuman, 1 (BMNH); Tucuman, 450 m, 1 (BMNH). Additional Records ,—CATAMARCA: Chum¬ bicha, 7 km al N (Barquez and Lougheed, 1990). CHACO: Provincia de Chaco (Cabrera, 1958); Villa Guillermina (Romana and Abalos, 1950). CORDOBA: Cordoba (M. Gutierrez, J. G. Haro, and M. de los A. Bistoni, in litt.). FORMOSA: Provincia de Formosa (Cabrera, 1958). MISIONES: Posadas (Crespo, 1958). 216 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 155. Skull and teeth of Promops nasutus. Adult female from Dique Itiyuro, Salta Province (IADIZA-CM). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO: Colonia Dora (Yepes, Ahalos, 1950); Herrera (Romaha and Abalos, 1950); 1944); El Mojon (Romaha and Abalos, 1950); ElZanjon Icano (Romaha and Abalos, 1950); Las Termas (Romaha (Romaha and Abalos, 1950); Girardet (Romaha and and Abalos, 1950). BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 217 Table 21. Measurements o/'Pro mops centralis and Promops nasutus. For a description of the measure¬ ments, see the Materials and Methods. Mean , standard deviation, and sample size are followed by range. Variable Promops centralis Promops nasutus Total length 129.5 ±3.3 1,4 117.6 ±4.61, 13 125.0 - 133.0 109.0 - 126.0 Tail length 50.5 ± 1.91,4 50.5 ±2.63, 13 4S.0 - 52.0 47.0- 58.0 Hindfoot length 10.5 ± 1.00,4 8.2 ± 1.67, 13 10.0- 12.0 6.0- 11.0 Ear length 15.6 ± 3.64, 4 13.6 ± 1.07, 13 12.0- 19.4 12.0 - 15.7 Forearm length 53.3 ± 0.47, 4 47.4 ± 1.16, 13 53.0- 54.0 45.0 -49.3 Weight 24.2 ± 1.06, 2 15.7 ± 3.39, 7 23.5 - 25.0 13.0-22.0 Condylobasal length 18.6+0.50,4 15.8 ±0.29, 13 18.3 - 19.4 15.5 - 16.4 Least interorbital breadth 6.7+0.29, 4 5.7 ±0.12, 12 6.5 -7.2 5,6 - 6,0 Zygomatic breadth 12.8 + 0.40, 3 10.7 ±0.19, 12 12.6 - 13.3 10.4- 11.2 Greatest length of skull 19.8 ±0.45, 4 17.0 ±0.55, 12 19.6-20.5 15.6 - J7.8 Postorbital constriction 4.1 ±0.12,4 3.9 ± 0, i 1, 12 4.0-4.3 3.7 -4.1 Breadth of braincase 10.1 ±0.26, 4 9.4 ± 0.18, 12 9.9 - 10.5 9.1 -9.7 Length of maxillary tooth row 7.3 ± 0.15, 3 6.3 ± 0.17, 12 7.2 - 7.5 6.1 - 6.6 Palatal length 7.2 ± 0.25, 3 5.7 ±0.17, 12 7.0 - 7.5 5.5 -6.1 Mastoidal breadth 11,8 ± 0.25, 3 10.3 ±0.48, 12 11.6- 12.1 8.8- 10.6 Length of mandibular toothrow 8.3 ±0.46, 3 7.0 ±0.20, 1! 8.1 - 8.9 6.7 - 7.3 Length of mandible 14.2 +0.25, 3 11 7 ±0.22, 11 14.0 - 14.5 11.4 - 12.0 C-C (width across canines) 5.0 ± 0.15, 4 4.1 ± 0.17, 12 5.0 - 5.3 ,3.9 -4.5 M-M (width across molars) 8.8 ±0.20, 3 7.7 ± 0.39, 12 8.7 - 9.1 7.0-8.1 Genus Molossus This genus includes five species, all of which oc¬ cur in South America, and two of which are found in Argentina (Koopman, 1993). Miller (19136) revised the genus and recognized 18 species divided in four groups (currentium, obscurus, pygmaeus, and rufus) based on measurements of the forearm, skull, and distances be¬ tween the upper canines. The first three species groups correspond to M. molossus and the fourth to M. ater. The most recent revision is that by Freeman (1981a), who recognized eight species, but doubted the validity of some. Species of Molossus are similar to species of Promops', however in Molossus, the keel on the snout is straight, not domed, as in Promops. Based on other external characters, species of the two genera are diffi¬ cult to distinguish, especially those that are similar in size. Examination of the upper and lower incisors is the best way to differentiate these genera in the field. When view-ed from the front, the upper incisors of Promops 218 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 68° 64° 60° 56° Figure 156. Map of localities of Molossus ater. are not triangular and are procumbent; in Molossus they are triangular and project downward. Molossus has two lower incisors and Promops has four, but they are so small that it is difficult to observe them without magni¬ fication. The skulls can be easily distinguished, espe¬ cially by examination of the palate. Molossus ater E. Geoffroy St,- Hilaire t Molossus ater E. Geoffroy St.- Hilaire, Nouveau Bulletin des Sciences par la Societe Philomatique, Paris, 3(96):279, 1805. Type Locality .— Not given in the original descrip¬ tion. The type locality was restricted to “Cayenne, French Guiana' by Goodwin and Greenhall (1961). This species frequently has been treated as M. rufus (Ander¬ son etaf, 1993; Dolan, 1989), but see Goodwin (1960), Husson (1962), and Koopman (1993) for the use of M. ater. Distribution. — This species occurs from Mexico through all South American countries except Uruguay and Chile (Koopman, 1982, 1993). Cabrera (1930,1958) limited its distribution in Argentina to the northernmost parts of the country in a narrow east-west band; he as¬ signed specimens to the subspecies castaneus. Villa-R. and Villa-C. (1971) considered specimens from Salta and Jujuy as M. a. nigricans, but we believe that this is not correct since the type of nigricans is significantly larger than the specimens they examined. Specimens from Bolivia (Anderson et ah, 1982), deposited in the AMNTI, are assigned to M. a. ater. We have found no subspecific differences between specimens examined and those from eastern Argentina, mainly Chaco, Corrientes, and Formosa provinces. A large series of specimens from Corrientes showed extensive intrapo¬ pulation variation, however, particularly in color. There¬ fore, eastern and western populations cannot be sepa¬ rated, and the characters and measurements of the bats from one region overlap with those from the other. We are not able to assign Argentine specimens to a subspe¬ cies at this time. BARQUFZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 219 Distribution in Argentina. — Figure 156. Description (Figs. 157 and 158).— Body size is large size, notably larger than M. molossus; length of forearm varies from 47 to 54 mm. The general appear¬ ance is similar to Promops centralis. The dorsal color is dark brown, with the bases of the hairs lighter; ven¬ tral coloration is paler. Within the same colony indi¬ viduals may exhibit two color phases—a black phase and a red phase—in which the tips of the dorsal hairs are bright cinnamon and their bases orange. The mem¬ branes are dark. The hair extends over the body as in Promops , but is less dense, especially over the fifth metacarpal. Long, fine hairs cover the base of the uropatagium; these are not found in Promops. The ears are medium in size, semicircular, and separated by a larger space than is present in Promops. The ear keel is well defined, but not very' wide at its posterior tip. The antitragus is well developed, higher than it is wide, and its base is slightly constricted. The tragus is small, elon¬ gate, with a rounded tip, and with a basal expansion that is less evident than that ofM molossus. The rostral keel is prominent, straight, and not elevated as in Promops. The lips, rostrum, and moustache are as in M. molossus. The dental formula and skull are as in M. molossus, but are larger and the sagittal crest is well developed. Measurements. — Table 22. Comments. — Little is known about the biology of this species in Argentina, and few data exist for other regions. Marques (1986) conducted an extensive, two- year study of a large colony of these bats living in a roost in a house in Manaus, Brazil. She found that M. ater reproduces year-round in the Amazon; there is less¬ ened reproductive activity at the end of the rainy sea¬ son, and increased reproduction during the dry season. Brosset and Dubost (1967) and Brosset and Charles- Dominique (1990) reported that M. ater frequents rain forest habitats and disturbed areas around villages in French Guiana. Individuals have been found roosting in the roof of an uninhabited building and in the hole of a tree ( Pinus sp.) in General Vedia, Chaco Province (Fornes and Massoia, 1967); Villa-R. and Villa-C. (1971) and Myers and Wetzel (1983) found roosts in the roofs of dwellings. A group of individuals was cap¬ tured in Mbarigui, Corrientes Province, from the hole Figure 157. Molossus ater. (a) face, lateral view; (b) face, frontal view; and (c) tragus. of a trunk of an exotic tree-of-paradise; others were cap¬ tured as they flew over patios in the city of Resistencia, Chaco Province. Three pregnant females (CRL ~ 18, 32, and 39 mm) were collected in Resistencia at the end of October. A pregnant female and a young (nurs¬ ing) individual were captured in Laguna Paiva, B° Las Lomas, Corrientes Province in mid-January. A young individual with deciduous dentition was also captured at the beginning of March in Rio Paraguay, Bouvier, Formosa Province. This specimen still had deciduous dentition with four upper incisors; 12 was small, thin, and bilobed. Three lower incisors also were present, two of them from each side were displaced labially. In Para¬ guay, Myers and Wetzel (1983) found lactating females and a young individual in January . The diet consists of insects, primarily of the or¬ ders Coleoptera and Hymenoptera. Freeman (1979) re¬ viewed the feeding habits of this species. Pine (1969) reported a preference for Hymenoptera; Howell and Burch (1974) found that this species consumed a mix¬ ture of Coleoptera, Orthoptera, and Hymenoptera. These bats have been found in owl pellets of Tyto alba in Misiones Province (Massoia et ah, 1989a; Massoia et al. 1989a, 1989 d). 220 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 158. Skull and teeth of Molossus ater. Adult male from Laguna Paiva, Corrientes Province (OMNH 18820). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. Specimens Examined (71).— CHACO: Colonia Benitez, 2 (FCM); Estancia San Miguel, along Hwy 90, 15 km NW jet. Hwy 90 and Hwy 11, 6 (3 CML, 2 IADIZA-CM, 1 OMNH); General Vedia, 1 (MACN); Resistencia, 4 (OMNH); Rio de Oro, General Vedia, 1 (FCM). CORDOBA: Cordoba, 1 (CEM). CORRIENTES: Corrientes Capital, Escuela 599, 4 (CML); Laguna Brava, 1 (OMNH); Laguna Galarza, 1 (OMNH); Laguna Paiva, B° Las Lomas, 15 (OMNH); Las Marias, 2 (CML); Manantiales, 1 (MACN); Mbarigui, 22 (OMNH). FORMOSA: Bartolome de Las Casas, 1 (CML); Clorinda, 13 km al S, sobre ruta 11,1 BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 221 (CML); El Colorado, 2 (MACK); Rio Paraguay, Boli- vier, 1 (OMNH). JUJUY: Rio de Zora y cruce con ruta 34, 1 (CML), MISIONES: Bonpland, 2 (TCWC). SALTA: Manuel Elordi, Vermejo, 500 m, 1 (BMNH). SANTA FE: Santa Fe, 1 (MFA), Additional Records. — CORDOBA: Alta Gracia (Fornes and Massoia, 1967). CORRIENTES: Desaguadero, Escuela 208, Ruta Provincial 5, a 20 km de Corrientes (Massoia et al., 1990); Ensenadita (Massoia et al., 1988). FORMOSA: Laguna Blanca (Massoia, 1970); Parque Nacional Rio Pilcomayo (S. Heinonen F. and R. M. Barquez, in litt.) JTJJUY: Dique La Cienaga (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Dique La Cienaga, 13 km SSW S, S, de Jujuy (Villa-R. and Villa- C., 1971); Dique La Cienaga, casa del club nautico, 30 km SSW San Salvador de Jujuy, 1000 m (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971). MISIONES: Apostoles (Massoia et al., 1989n); Arroyo Yabebyri, entre Loreto y el Arroyo Yabebyri, sobre ruta 12 (Massoia et al., 1989 d); Departamento Capital (Massoia, 1980); Departamento Guarani (Massoia, 1980); Obera (Massoia and Chebez, 1989). SALTA: Salta (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971); Salta, ciudad (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971). Molossus molossus (Pallas) V (espertilio) molossus , Pallas, Miscellanea zoologica, quibus nov imprimis atque obscur animalium species describuntur et observationibus i conibusque illustrantur. Hagae Comitum, apud Petrum van Cleef, p. 49-50, 1766. Molossus molossus Husson, Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, 58:251, 1962. Type Locality. — France, Martinique, Lesser Antilles. Distribution in South America. — This species is found from Mexico and the Caribbean to northern Ar¬ gentina (Koopman, 1993). The taxonomic relationships of the South American subspecies are unclear, but popu¬ lations that inhabit Argentina should be treated as a single subspecies. Molossus molossus crassicaudatus E. GeofFroy St.- Hilaire Molossus crassicaudatus E. Geoffroy St.- Hilaire, Annales du Museum d’HistoireNaturelle, Paris, 6:156, 1805. Molossus molossus crassicaudatus : Anderson et al., American Museum Novitates, 2750:12, 1982. Type Locality. —Paraguay, restricted to Asuncion by Cabrera (1958). Distribution in Argentina. — Figure 159. Description (Figs. 160 and 161).— Body size is medium; length of forearm ranges from 38.0 to 42.0 mm. The dorsal color is grayish brown or reddish brown, and the bases of the hairs are lighter (generally cream), but never immaculate white. The dorsum may be dark, even almost black The venter is paler. Some specimens from the forests of northern Salta Province are reddish brown in color and have black wings. In other areas, individuals are generally paler. The distribution of the hair over the membranes is similar to that of Promops , but the hair is less dense and extends slightly more over the dorsum of the uropatagium. The ears are medium-sized and slightly more triangular than in Promops\ when laid forward they do not extend past the tip of the snout. The ear keel is well defined, but not widened terminally. The anti¬ tragus is well developed and barely constricted basally. The tragus is small, about 2 mm high. The snout has a prominent keel, as well-marked as in Promops , but lower and straight, rather than convex. The lips are smooth, without folds or wrinkles, the upper has a fringe of hairs that form an upwardly projecting moustache. The cal¬ car is well developed, but does not reach the tail as it does in Promops. The skull is robust, with a short rostrum, and is similar in appearance to P nasutus. The braincase is globose. The sagittal crest is well developed, but lower than in M. ater. The lambdoidal and sagittal crests are joined in males, but separated in females. The zygo¬ matic arches are thin and complete, and slightly thicker anteriorly, although they do not form a true postorbital process of the jugal. The palate is flat compared to Promops. The pterygoids are parallel and extend to the anterior margin of the shallow basisphenoidal fossae. The dental formula is I 1/1, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3, total 26. The upper incisors are triangular when viewed from the front, their internal margins in contact with one another. In general, they fill the space between the canines, but in some specimens a small diastema may be present. The premolars and molars are essentially as 222 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY in Promops and M. ater. The two lower incisors are small, in contact along their internal margins, and are lower than the cingulum of the canines; their margins are bilobed. Other characters are as in P. nasutus. Measurements .— Table 22. Comments .— This is a common species in natu¬ ral, urban, and suburban areas in Argentina and in other parts of its geographic range (e.g., Brosset and Charles- Dominique, 1990, for French Guiana). Individuals form large colonies or groups that roost in holes in trees, cracks, caves, between palm leaves, and in man-made constructions, principally tunnels, pipes, bridges, and roofs. Specimens from Laguna Paiva, B° Las Lomas, Corrientes Province, were collected while asleep be¬ tween the leaves of orange trees. In Bolivia, individu¬ als (in a ratio of 3 females; 1 male) were caught as they left their roosts in the roofs of rural dwellings (Barquez, BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 223 Figure 160. Molossus molossus: (a) face, lateral view; (b) head, dorsal view; and (c) tragus. 1983). Fomes and Massoia (1967) found this species in association with Tadarida brasiliensis, Eumops bonariensis (probably Eumopspatagonicus), Eptesicus brasiliensis (probably Eptesicus furinalis), and Myotis sp. Insects, especially coleopterans, were the preferred food in Bolivia (R. M. Barquez, personal observation). These bats were found to be eaten by bam owls ( Tyto alba ) in eastern Argentina (Massoia, 1989; Massoia et al., 19896, 1990). Sexual dimorphism has been reported for this spe¬ cies (Genoways et ah, 1981; Myers and Wetzel, 1983; Tamsitt and Valdivieso, 1966). Males are larger than females. Little is known about the reproductive biology of Molossus molossus. A female from Quebrada de Acambuco, 5 km W Dique Itiyuro, Salta Province, cap¬ tured at the end of November, had a well-developed fetus. At El Cogoik, 5 km antes de, Formosa Province, a male with scrotal testes was collected in mid-May (winter); a female from El Colorado, Formosa Prov¬ ince (MACN) was pregnant at the end of January. Young individuals have been observed in the Capital Federal, Buenos Aires, at the beginning of February, in Salta, Capital, in the middle of March, and in the city of San Miguel de Tucuman at the end of December (R. M. Barquez, personal observation). Myers and Wetzel (1983) reported pregnant females in September and November in the chaco of Paraguay. Racey (1982) main¬ tained harems of these bats in captivity for three years under conditions of controlled light (12 hours of light and 12 of darkness). Results indicated that photoperiod does not control the time of estrus or ovulation. Specimens Examined (198).— BUENOS AIRIES: Buenos Aires, 1 (MACN); Capital Federal, 3 (2 MACN, 1 TTU); Energia, 1 (MACN); Tigre, 1 (TTU). CHACO: Pozo del Gato, 2 (CML); Resistencia, 20 km N, 1 (MLP). CORRIENTES: Goya, 11 (10 BMNH, 1 USNM); Goya, 600 m, 1 (BMNH); Laguna Paiva, B° Las Lomas, 3 (OMNH); Manantiales, 1 (MACN); Rincon de Luna, 1 (MACN); San Borgita, 1 (ROM). ENTRL RlOS: Brazo Largo, 2 (TTU); Islas del Ibicuy, 1 (TTU). FORMOSA: El Churcal, approx. 10 km SSE Buena Vista, 2 (1 IADIZA-CM, 1 OMNH); Ei Cogoik, 5 km antes de, 1 (CML); El Colorado, 4 (2 CML, 2 MACN); Puesto Divisadero, 35 km S, 5 km E Ing. Guillermo N. Juarez, 5 (3 CML, 2 IADIZA-CM). JUJUY: Arroyo Sauzalito, Parque Nacional Calilegua, 1 (CML); Yu to, 2 (AMNH), MISIONES; Bonpland, 2 (MACN). SALTA: Cemllos, 1 (TTU); Piquirenda Viejo, 6 km W, 1 (CML); Quebrada de Acambuco, 5 km W Dique Itiyuro, 3 (2 OMNH, 1 RAO); Salta, 3 (MACN); Salta Capital, 41(12 MACN, 29 TTU); Santa Rosa, 38 (CML); Santa Victoria Este, 11 (3 MACN, 8 TTU); Serrania de Las Pavas, 2 (SIG); Tonono, 1 km E sobre Rio Itiyuro, 2 (CML). SANTA FE: Santa Fe, 1 (MFA). SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO: Antilla, 1 (TTU); Nueva Esperanza, 38 (5 MACN, 33 TTU); Santo Domingo, 1 (CML). TUCUMAN: El Manantial, 1 (CML); Reserva Provincial Santa Ana, Remanso del Gallego, 1 (CML); San Miguel de Tucuman, 3 (2 CML, 1 SIG); San Pedro de Colalao, 1 (CML); Trancas, 1 (CML); Tucuman, Ciudad, casa centrica, 1 (OMNH). Additional Records. — BUENOS AIRES: San Miguel (Massoia, 1989). CORDOBA: Rio Cuarto (Tiranti and Torres, 1998). CORRIENTES: Desaguadero, Escuela 208, Ruta Provincial 5, a 20 km de Corrientes (Massoia et ah, 1990). FORMOSA: Bartolome de Las Casas (Massoia, 1970); Laguna Blanca (Massoia, 1970). IUJUY: San Salvador de Jujuy, 20 km W (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971). LA RIOJA: Villa Union (Vaccaro, 1992). MISIONES: Los Helechos, Escuela n° 12 (Massoia et ah, 19896). SANTIAGO DEL ESTERO: Girardet (Romaha and Abalos, 1950); Herrera (Romana and Abalos, 1950); Icano (Romaha and Abalos, 1950); La Banda (Romana and Abalos, 1950); 224 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Figure 161. Skull and teeth of Molossus molossus. Adult male from San Miguel de Tucuman, Tucuman Province (SIG 14). Bar = 1 cm. Teeth not to scale. Sumampa (Rornaha and Abalos, 1950). TUCUMAN: 7 de Abril (Rornaha and Abalos, 1950); Parque9 de Julio, Tucuman (Romana and Abalos, 1950). ERRATA - Special Publication 42, The Bats of Argentina, by Barquez, Mares, and Braun, 1999. This table should have appeared on page 225. Table 22. Measurements of Molossus ater and Molossus molossus. For a description of the measurements , see the Materials and Methods. Mean, standard deviation, and sample size are followed by range. Variable Molossus ater Molossus molossus Total length 129.3 ± 5.52,48 100.2+ 6.27,30 120.0- 140.0 90.0-114.0 Tail length 47.8 + 3.42, 48 37.1 + 3.43,30 40.5- 55.0 30.0-44.0 Hindfoot length 13.5 ±2.05, 48 8.5 ± 1.58,27 9.0-20.0 6.0- 12.0 Ear 17.5 ±2.18, 48 13.2 ± 1.86,28 11.0-21.0 9.0-18.0 Forearm length 49.9 ± 1.54, 47 39.8 ±2.49, 28 46.6-54.0 29.0-43.0 Weight 30.7 ±6.12, 40 14.7 i 1.89, 16 21.0-43.0 12.0- 18.0 Condylobasal length 19.7 ±0.59, 45 15.3 ±0.80, 30 18.7 21.0 13.0-17.2 Least interorbital breadth 6.8 ±0.38, 44 5.4 ±0.37, 30 6.0-7.7 4.6-6.3 Zygomatic breadth 13.7 ±0.49, 38 10.9 ±0.50, 23 12.7- 14.8 10.2- 12.0 Greatest length of skull 21.6 + 0.74, 44 16.6 ± 0.84, 30 20.4-23.4 15.0-18.6 Postorbital constriction 4.4 ±0.17, 48 3.7 ±0.25, 30 4.2-4.8 3.3 -4,3 Breadth of braincase 10.8 ±0.27, 45 8.8 ±0.35,30 10.4- 11.4 8.0-9.6 Length of maxillary toothrow 8.1 ±0.23,47 6.1 ±0.31,30 7.7-8.7 5.5-6.2 Palatal length 7.0 ±0.29, 33 5.4 + 0.36, 26 6.4-7,6 4.8 -6.2 Mastoidal breadth 13.4 ±0.56,42 10.4 ± 0. 51,27 11.8- 14.7 9.3 - 11.3 Length of mandibular toothrow 8.9 ±0.28, 43 6.9 ± 0.31,26 8.2-9.5 6.4-7.5 Length of mandible 15.5 ±0.44, 43 11.9 ±0.50, 26 14.8- 16.5 11.1 - 13.1 C-C (width across canines) 5.8 ±0.29, 42 4.3 ±0.27, 25 5.2-6.5 o I o M-M (width across molars) 10.0 ±0.32, 46 7.8 ± 0.36, 27 9.2-10.8 7.0-8.4 DISCUSSION Are the bats of Argentina well-studied ?—Argen¬ tina has been visited by zoologists for more than a cen¬ tury, and although a good deal of collecting effort has been expended on mammals in general much less at¬ tention has been paid to bats. Most field work has oc¬ curred only over the last few decades, and we found that most of the localities for bats come from isolated observations of one or only a few specimens. We ex¬ amined the distribution of bat collecting localities in Argentina to discern the evenness of the collecting ef¬ fort in the country. Of Argentina’s 23 provinces, fewer than half (II) have more than 20 bat localities (Table 23). The five provinces that have been most completely sampled (i.e., have the most collecting localities— Tucuman, Salta, Misiones, Buenos Aires, and Jujuy) account for 53% of all bats ever collected in Argentina, but contain only 25% of the country’s total area. Thus, over half of the collecting effort for bats (1,991 speci¬ mens) has been concentrated in only one-fourth of the country. Few people have studied Argentine bats to any significant degree, and survey research in these five provinces has been due mainly to the field efforts of a few workers (R. M. Barquez, M. A. Mares, C. C. Olrog, R. A. Ojeda, and A. Fomes) in Tucuman, Salta, and Jujuy provinces; J. Crespo, and E. Massoia in Misiones; and J. Crespo in Buenos Aires). Most of this collecting was done after 1970. Not only have Argentine bats failed to receive much attention from field collectors, but few taxa in Table 23. Number of bat species recorded, localities surveyed, and specimens collected in each political province and territory of Argentina, the Malvinas (Falkland) Islands, and aboard a ship in the Atlantic Ocean. Two specimens that have unassigned localities are not included; total number of specimens is 3,730. Province Number of Species per Province Number of Localities per Province Number of Specimens Examined per Province Tucuman 27 141 622 Salta 33 139 663 Misiones 37 70 283 Buenos Aires 14 65 165 Jujuy 26 62 258 Cordoba 15 53 124 Catamarca 13 45 415 Santiago del Estero 21 43 177 Formosa 28 32 119 Corrientes 27 32 269 Chaco 24 27 181 Santa Fe 17 20 40 Rio Negro 8 17 31 Mendoza 5 17 100 San Luis 5 14 52 Neuquen 7 13 42 Entre Rios 10 12 46 La Rioja 10 12 56 Chubut 6 11 35 San Juan 5 8 15 La Pampa 7 7 20 Santa Cruz 1 3 13 Malvinas 1 1 0 Atlantic Ocean 1 ! 1 Tierra del Fuego 1 1 1 TOTAL 846 3728 227 228 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Table 24, Species of bats of Argentina and numbers of specimens examined (rank ordered). Species Specimens Examined Species Specimens Examined Tadanda brasiliensis 502 Lasiurus varius 15 Sturnira lilium 420 Tonatia bidens 13 Myotis levis 379 Myotis keaysi 12 Epiesicus furinalis 210 Platyrrhinus lineatus 11 Mo loss us molossus 198 Epiesicus brasiliensis 9 Eumops patagonicus 171 Anoura caudifer 8 Molossops temminckii 166 Artibeus Jimbriatus 8 Desmodus rotund us 144 Carollia perspicillata 8 Artibeus planirostris 135 Nyctinomops macrotis 8 Lasiurus blossevillu 134 Cynomops planirostris 7 Sturnira erythromos 116 Sturnira oporaphilum 7 Myotis nigricans 107 Cy no mops a bras us 6 Hist iotas macro tus 104 Eumops glaucinus 6 Lasiurus cinereus 89 Eumops auripendulus 5 Myotis albescens 85 Histiolus magellanicus 5 Eumops perotis 78 Eumops dabbenei 4 Molossus ater 71 Glossophaga soricina 4 Noclilio leporinus 67 Pro mops centralis 4 Histiolus montanus 56 Diaemus youngii 3 Myotis chiloensis 48 Histiolus velatus 3 Artibeus lituratus 45 Molossops neglect us 3 Dasyptenis ega 41 Myotis ruber 3 Eumops bonanensis 41 Nyctinomops laticaudalus 2 Pygoderma bilabiatum 37 Cynomops paranus 1 Promops nasutus 34 Macrophyllum macrophyllum 1 Myotis nparius 30 Myotis simus 1 Noctiho albiventris 27 Vampyressa pusilla 1 Chrolopterus auritus 21 Myotis aelleni 0 Epiesicus diminutus 16 TOTAL 3,730 Argentina have been given serious consideration by tax¬ onomists. In part, this may be due to the paucity of the specimens, as well as the fact that bat specimens from the country are dispersed in collections throughout the world. Only Cabrera (1958) attempted a taxonomic overview of Argentine bats as part of his general revi¬ sion of South American mammals, and many of his taxo¬ nomic decisions were made with little comment as to the reasons behind those decisions. The present taxonomic review is thus the first re¬ view of the systematic and biogeographic status of Argentina’s bat fauna. We raise several taxonomic ques¬ tions that will require additional systematic work for clarification and point out where specimens are avail¬ able to help answer these questions. However, it is clear that in order to understand Argentina’s bats in any fun¬ damental way, extensive field work is required. If we exclude the five provinces mentioned above, almost 75% of this large nation (including an area more than twice the size ofTexas extending from tropical forests at 21 °S to cold deserts and wet forests at 66°S), has had only 1,737 specimens collected from 369 localities (Table 23). By comparison, Findley et at. (1975) listed 7,127 specimens of bats from New Mexico (314,938 square kilometers, or 11% the size of Argentina), and Hoffmeister (1986) listed 4,163 specimens of bats from Arizona (295,275 square kilometers, also about 11% the size of Argentina). Together, these two southwest¬ ern states encompass an area less than 25% the size of Argentina, but have had three times more bats collected within their boundaries than all of Argentina. Moreover, Arizona and New Mexico together support 29 species of bats, one-half the number found in Argentina. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 229 The frequency with which species are collected is also highly variable. Of the 57 species recorded for Argentina, only 13 (28% of the fauna ) are known from more than 100 specimens (Table 24), and these 13 ac¬ count for 2,786 specimens—75% of all specimens known from the country. Three species alone ( Tadarida hrasiliensis, Stumira lilium , and Myotis levis) account for .35% of all bats collected in Argentina. Thus, although we examined 3,730 specimens from 846 localities dis¬ tributed among all provinces, the Malvinas (Falklands) Islands, one locality on a ship at sea, and two unas¬ signed localities, Argentina cannot be considered to be well studied from the standpoint of its bat fauna. These caveats notwithstanding, Argentina’s bat fauna is richer than was previously thought (we pre¬ sented initial non-technical results in Barquez et ah, 1993). For example, Cabrera (1958) reported 35 spe¬ cies and subspecies for the country, a number that has increased considerably over the intervening four de¬ cades. In the present study, 57 species, 26 genera, and 4 families were considered. The Family Vespertiliomdae is the most speciose, containing 36% of all bats in Ar¬ gentina, followed by the Molossidae (35%), Phyllostomidae (26%), and Noctilionidae (3%). We ex¬ amined most of the known specimens and summarize our observations below. Taxonomic commentary .— Our research has re¬ sulted in a number of changes in taxonomic constructs, including new binomial combinations, refinement of subspecific boundaries and species distributions, and clarification of species relationships. For the Family Noctilionidae, both species known for the family (Noctilio leporinus nifescens and N. albiventris ) occur in Argentina. Populations of N. albiventris that inhabit Argentina frequently have been treated as N. a. cabrerai , whose subspecific validity we question. The analysis of specimens from different parts of the distribution of the species suggests that subspe¬ cific characters vary greatly. Although N. albiventris from Argentina might be expected to belong to the sub¬ species cabrerai , we show that they are closer to the subspecies afjirus. Insufficient specimens are available to clarify the subspecific situation in this species, how¬ ever, and taxonomic questions will be difficult to re¬ solve without a complete study of the species through¬ out its range. The Family Phyllostomidae is represented by 5 subfamilies, 13 genera, and 17 species (subfamilial ar¬ rangement follows Jones and Carter, 1976). Specimens originally reported as T. silvicola from the provinces of Jujuy (Fomes et ah, 1967) and Misiones (Villa-R. and Villa-C., 1971) are here correctly identified as Tonatia bidens (which has been considered to be an insectivo¬ rous species, but our data show that it is also carnivo¬ rous), Glossophaga svricina was previously reported from northwestern Argentina (Barquez, 1985). An ex¬ amination of specimens in the M.LP collection confirmed the presence of this species in the city of La Plata, as was indicated by Cabrera (1930). Anoura caudifer is included in the fauna of Argentina; the earlier citation of A. geojfroyi was based on misidentified specimens of A. caudifer (Barquez, 1984a; Fomes, 1972a; Olrog and Barquez, 1979). Consequently, A. geojfroyi is re¬ moved from Argentina’s bat fauna. A specimen of Stumira lilium in the BMNH likely represents the southernmost record for a phyllostomid. All Argentine specimens of Stumira cited previous to Barquez (1987) were identified as S. lilium , but many may have been incorrectly identified and confused with S. erythromos or S. oporaphilum. Both are reported in detail herein and described for the first time from Ar¬ gentina. Both species are widely distributed in north¬ western Argentina and are sympatric in many locali¬ ties. S. erythromos occurs over much of Salta, Jujuy, Tucuman, and Catamarca provinces. Although it is well known from high altitudes, some lowland localities are at the limits of the montane forest and chaco at eleva¬ tions below 500 m. S oporaphilum is known from only seven localities in Salta, Jujuy, and Tucuman, but this species could be more widely distributed and abundant than the data indicate, since it is also easily confused with S. lilium. Platyrrhinus lineatus is poorly known in Argen¬ tina and is reported from the provinces of Chaco, Formosa, Corrientes, and Misiones. Its presence in the province of Entre Rios is also highly probable, judging from the records from Uruguay reported by Ximenez (1969) and Gonzalez and Vallejo (1980). The Genus Artibeus is one of the most taxonomi- cal ly complex taxa in the Neotropics, and the taxonomy of its species has varied greatly over time (e.g., Handley, 1987, 1989, 1991). Our research indicates that all pre¬ vious records of A. jamaicensis from northwestern Ar- 230 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY gentina correspond to A. planirostris Jallax. This dif¬ fers with Handley’s (1991) review, which suggests that A. planirostris is a subspecies of A. jamaicensis. We believe that the form that occurs in Argentina is, in¬ deed, fallax, but that its species is planirostris , rather than jamaicensis. With respect to other species of Artibeus in Argentina, A. lituratus is restricted to the northeastern provinces of Corrientes, Formosa, and Misiones. Earlier records for A. lituratus from north¬ western Argentina pertain to A. planirostris. A third spe¬ cies, A. flmbriatus , is included in the fauna of the coun¬ try, although it is known from only eight specimens col¬ lected in Chaco, Formosa, and Misiones provinces. Pygoderma bilabiatum is found in the Yungas for¬ est and in the Paranean phytogeographic province (dis¬ cussed below). Different subspecies occur in these ar¬ eas according to Owen and Webster (1983), but our data are not extensive enough to clarify the subspecific situ¬ ation The Family Vespertilionidae is represented in Ar¬ gentina by 5 genera and 20 species. The Genus Myotis contains nine species, all of them poorly known with respect to ecology, distribution, and taxonomy. M. aelleni is retained in the fauna of the country because we have been unable to examine the holotype or type series, but its validity as a species is problematic. M. albescens was previously known from only a few records in Argentina, and we have added many new lo¬ calities. M. keaysi was known only from high eleva¬ tions (mostly from localities above 2,000 m) along the main Andean cordillera from Colombia to Bolivia, but we have extended its distribution in Argentina as far south as southern Tucuman Province. It occurs in tran¬ sitional and montane forests near chacoan vegetation, where it is isolated from the main Andean mountain chain to the west. We have verified the occurrence of M, chiloensis in Argentina in westcentral and northwest¬ ern Patagonia, and have shown M. riparius to have a distribution that extends widely across northern Argen¬ tina, rather than being limited to the northeastern rain forests of the country, as was previously thought. Three species of Eptesicus are found in Argen¬ tina. The mid-sized E.furinahs overlaps in external and cranial measurements with both the larger and smaller species, and thus the identities of all three species have been confused due to the lack of comparative material in collections. We restrict E. brasiliensis to the type lo¬ cality of E. b. argentinus (Corrientes Province) and (probably) to two additional localities [one in Corrientes Province (Romana and Toranzos, 1947) and one in Chaco Province (Massoia, 1976)]. Should additional material show that this form is, in fact, a distinct spe¬ cies from E. brasiliensis to the north, it would be E. argentinus , as originally described. E.furinalisfindleyi Williams is placed in synonymy with E. f furinalis , its subspecific validity doubtful given that diagnostic char¬ acters vary across the geographic range of the species. The Genus Histiotns is another complicated taxon. H. macrotus laephotis (and not El. montanus , as has been reported by various authors, e.g., Koopman, 1982; Mares et ah, 1981), inhabits the Yungas forests and ad¬ joining habitats of northwestern Argentina. H. macrotus macrotus is included in Argentina (Olrog, 1959) and its distribution extended from Rio Negro Province north¬ ward through arid habitats as far as Jujuy Province, where a specimen was collected at 3,600 m elevation in cold, arid puna habitat. The distribution of H. montanus does not extend into the forests of northwestern Argen¬ tina; its distribution includes the broad lowlands south of 28°S, especially in dry habitats. H. magellanicus is recognized as a full species rather than a subspecies of H. montanus. It is found in the cold mesic forests of Tierra del Fuego and westernmost Patagonia and is known from only three localities. II. velatus is restricted in Argentina to the provinces of Corrientes and Misiones, where it is known from only a few speci¬ mens. We recognize the Genus Dasypterus as separate from Lasiurus. With respect to Lasiurus , its species present few taxonomic problems. Previously, most au¬ thors have considered L, varius to be a subspecies of L. borealis. Barquez (1987), Barquez et al. (1993), and Mares et al. (1995) have all listed L. varius as a sepa¬ rate species limited to southernmost Argentina. We re¬ view the morphological characteristics that lead to our recognition of it as a separate species. We have also elected to include L. salinae (Mares et al., 1995) in L blossevillii as a color morph of blossevillii, especially given the genetic analysis of L. blossevillii by Morales and Bickham (1995). This has been a vexing taxon for a long time and warrants additional genetic research. For the Family Molossidae, 8 genera and 18 spe¬ cies occur in Argentina. In this study, the Genus Cynomops is considered to be distinct from Molossops BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 231 (Thomas, 1920a), and Tadarida is considered to be dis¬ tinct from Nyctinomops (Freeman, 1981a). Two spe¬ cies of Molossops are found in Argentina, M. temminckii is listed with only one subspecies, as no diagnostic char¬ acters could be found to maintain the validity of M. t. sylvia. However, the assignment of subspecies to Ar¬ gentine populations is not possible without an analysis of specimens from other parts of South America. M. neglectus is included in the fauna of the country based on Barquez (1987), its presence underscoring the pau¬ city of information on the mammals of South America. It was originally described from northern South America in 1980 (Williams and Genoways, 1980), but over time a few specimens have appeared from Peru, Brazil, and Argentina. Eventually, it is likely that this species will be found to be widely distributed in South America. The Genus Cynomops is represented in Argentina by three species. C. par anus is included in the fauna of the country and is considered a full species, not a sub¬ species of planirostris] it is known only from a single specimen from the province of Corrientes. C, planiroslns , which was first reported for Argentina in Salta Province by Olrog and Barquez (1979), is here extended to the neighboring province of Jujuy. The dis¬ tribution of the third species, C. abrasus, includes the provinces of Santiago del Estero, Chaco, Formosa, and Misiones. The identities of the specimens of Cy nomops cited by Cabrera (1930, 1958) from the provinces of Formosa and Chaco, and Yepes (1944) from Colonia Dora, Santiago del Estero Province, are uncertain. The Genus Tadarida has only one species in Ar¬ gentina, T. brasiliensis, one of the most widely distrib¬ uted species in the country and, indeed, the world. In Argentina, it occupies almost all phytogeographic re¬ gions and was the most commonly collected species, with 502 specimens. We frequently found that speci¬ mens of Eumops patagonicus were misidentified as T. brasiliensis in collections and were then incorrectly re¬ ported in the literature. For example, T. brasiliensis is not known to occur in Chaco Province, as cited by Fornes and Massoia (1967) for specimens of Eumops patagonicus. Nevertheless, the presence of T. brasiliensis in Chaco Province is almost certain, the lack of specimens notwithstanding. Numerous characters support the generic distinct¬ ness of Nyctinomops and Tadarida (Freeman, 1981a). Two species of Nyctinomops occur in Argentina: N. macrotis and N. laticaudatus. The latter was included in Argentina by Barquez and Ojeda (1975). The largest number of molossid species in Argen¬ tina (six) is found in the Genus Eumops: E. auripendulus , E. bonariensis , E. dabbenei, E. glaucinus, E. patagonicus , and E. perotis. E. auripendulus occurs in the provinces of Chaco, Santa Fe, and Misiones. E. bonariensis is restricted to one subspecies in Argentina (E. b. bonariensis) and its distribution extends from the provinces of Buenos Aires and Entre Rios to the prov¬ ince of Tucuman In Tucuman it is found in sympatry with E. patagonicus , which we recognize as a distinct species. E. bonariensis beckeri is placed in synonymy with E. patagonicus. We have clarified the type local¬ ity of E. dabbenei. Although the exact location of the type locality of£. dabbenei was unknown, it had been reported as Chaco Province. The type specimen was sent to the BMNH by the MACN. Using the MACN archives, we were able to define the type locality of E. dabbenei as Tartagal, Departamento General Guemes, Chaco Province. There are two species of bats in Argentina in the Genus Promops: P. centralis and P. nasutus. New dis¬ tribution localities are reported for both. P. centralis occultus is maintained as a valid subspecies for the Ar¬ gentine populations. No justification was found for the separation of P. nasutus into two subspecies. The last genus of molossid represented in Argen¬ tina is Molossus, with two species: M. ater and M. molossus. Due to the lack of records of M. ater for some areas, a subspecific treatment of the species was not possible. M. molossus crassicaudatus is apparently the only subspecies of M. molossus occurring in Argentina. Zoogeography. — If we consider that from the time of Cabrera (1958) to the present day the number of bat species known from Argentina increased by almost 40%, and that at least 13 additional species are likely to be found in the country, a detailed analysis of zoogeo¬ graphic patterns must of necessity be considered pre¬ liminary Only one species of bat, Myotis aelleni , is re¬ stricted to Argentina; it is rare (we examined no speci¬ mens) and its taxonomic validity is questionable. How¬ ever, Argentina is a large nation composed of a com¬ plex array of habitats extending over 33 degrees of lati¬ tude, and some patterns of occurrence emerge among the bats of the country'. Table 25. Occurrence of bat species in each political province and territory of Argentina, the Malvinas (Falkland) Islands, and on a ship in the Atlantic Ocean. Provinces and localities are as follows: I) Buenos Aires; 2) Catamarca; 3) Chaco; 4) Chubut; 5) Cordoba, 6) Corrientes; 7) Entre Rios; 8) Formosa; 9) Jujuy; 10) La Pampa, 11) La Rioja; 12) Mendoza; 13) Misiones; 14) Neuquen; 15) Rio Negro; 16) Salta; 17) San Juan, 18) San Luis; 19) Santa Cruz; 20) Santa Fe; 21) Santiago del Estero; 22) Tierra del Fuego; 23) Tucuman; 24) Atlantic Ocean; 25) Malvinas (Falklands). 232 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY CO
  • Q C ’> o o * £ 2 o 2 £ s a I 1 2 Co 2 a ,2 c o Cl, dj '-i .P -Cl I §*-a h q 5 s s *o 2 “2 2 2 2 o Co £ ^0 2 Co 2 ■ 2 2 <3 2 2 2 p -y p , J ^ Cl, Cu —1 2 2 <2 2 V. o *: jc ^ C3 J3 3 •c § Cl, ^ 2 C2 O Co S' 5 O ,2 2 2 S' S' o o O £ 2 i- o O §1 It -5 5 > -C <3 § '2 3 Cy -c> g S . - 5) c, i, hr 2 2 fO 2 2 S-rS -S .222 X. X ^ co ^ 2 —• to 2 2 3 —■ ’ — -Cl £ -o 2 P a s ^ -2 2 ^ 2 4o 2 g ‘ -o 2 2 2 2 SS CD -2 s O 2 2 2 .to Co Co 2 , 2 3 -2 .to •-2 3 ~2 -2 to Co Co O O O O O ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ to ^ O-J <3 2 £ q 2 - 2 ? -S' 2 2 2 2 <0 o S-, CL. rJ X X X X X X X X X X X X X ri o rJ X X X X X X X X X X X r- On X ,_I oo X X X in r~ X X X in NO X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X m m in X X X X X oo o- X X X X X r- m X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X r- m m X X X in — 1 X X X X X X X o o X X X X r- O'. X X X X X X X X X X X X nO rJ oo X X X X X X X X X X X X oo rJ r- X X X X X o NO X X X X X X X X X X r- rJ n X X X X X X X X X X X X in X X X X NO m X X X X X X X X X X -t 3 P 03 3 i") V be £ p v 2 -5 Co -P P o-j -n*; 3 P 2 -5 p Co V Co co 3 co 3 o p o o p Co Co ? i 3 co Co Co $ Ci, .3 .3 iX co C> O' Co Co s- co Co P O O O 3 I I d r- § S V, a p< co £ £ o Co p ,3 P< Lr> 3 p co 3 co 3 Vi 3 •ps ■v* f-i 3 P -3 co 3? 3 5 "5 P P3 2 2 3 3 <✓7 P P 3 £ §• P O S3 P 2 V 3 3 ,c o co . £ o o ~ 71) -o -p O'O'i2 S' 3 ■p §■ o £ x: 2 p a P -p Op Op 2 2 o o S3 3 3 3 2 co 3 .P 5 O co be P P p 't- L. _ 3 p bo P, 2 Oo On On 2 2 2 p p p £ £ 5 Co 3 P 3 3 P P co 3 ■»<-* 3 co 3 3 O 3 co 3 co Co 2 S' P P Co £ £ 2 p p p 3 * co CO P P £ <0 wj sc 2 2) 333P£.>3v0'O 234 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY The seven political provinces that support the greatest number of bat species are Misiones (37), Salta (33), Formosa (28), Corrientes (27), Tucuman (27), Jujuy (26), and Chaco (24). Species occurrence by prov¬ ince is presented in Table 25. Misiones, Formosa, Chaco, and Corrientes are situated in the Northeast near the tropics. Complex wet forests and vast swamps charac¬ terize the area, and it is not surprising that a largely tropical taxon, such as bats, would be quite speciose in the region. Salta, Jujuy and Tucuman are in the North¬ west, and a portion of two of the provinces lies within the tropics. Moist forest is found in all three provinces, and the number of bat species is correspondingly el¬ evated. All seven provinces support other largely tropi¬ cal species as well, such as primates, various marsupi¬ als, sloths, tapirs, jaguars, agoutis, and so forth. Moving south in Argentina, tropical latitudes give way to temperate zones, and much of the country be¬ comes semiarid thorn scrub, savanna, or desert scrub. As might be expected, bat diversity declines along with the precipitation, average annual temperature, and com¬ plexity of the habitat. Bat diversity also declines with increasing elevation in the Andes. We compare the patterns of distribution of the bats of Argentina with the phytogeographic provinces of the country' that were designated by Cabrera and Willink (1973), and with the faunal areas of South America (Koopman, 1982), as these pertain to Argentina. We have modified Cabrera and Willink’s map based on our own field research (Fig. 162). The number of bat species in each phytogeographic province is given in Table 26. We have also calculated the index of faunistic congru¬ ence of Wallin (DeBlase, 1980) for the bat faunas of the major phytogeographic regions of Argentina. This in¬ dex is obtained by: I a, b — x/P a -) b • P b -4 a where I a, b is the index of faunistic congruence between regions a and b; P a -»b is the percent of species in region a that also occur in region b; and Pb^a is the percent of species of region b that also occur in region a. The higher the index, the greater the similarity be¬ tween the faunas of the two regions compared. The in¬ dex for two regions with identical composition is 100. In Table 27, we provide a matrix of the index of faunis¬ tic congruence between the phytogeographic provinces, as well as the number of species of bats that are shared between each phytogeographic province (Table 27). The Chaco is the richest phytogeographic prov¬ ince from the standpoint of its bats, with 44 species. In Koopman’s zoogeographic scheme, the Argentine Chaco is part of the Patagonian subregion. Although he comments on a belt of scrubland that extends north¬ ward to the Brazilian Caatinga, he does not designate this region as a separate zone, including it within either the Amazon Basin or Eastern Brazilian highlands. Phy- togeographically, the Chacoan thorn scrub in Argentina is a vast savanna-woodland that extends from the bor¬ der with Paraguay and Bolivia southward to San Luis Province (Fig. 162). Among the species-rich political provinces it includes are Chaco, Formosa, Santiago del Estero, and portions of Corrientes, Salta and Tucuman (Table 23). Three species of bats are restricted to the Chaco: Eptesicus brasiliensis, Cyn o m ops par an us , and Promops centralis. Thus, only about 7% of the fauna is restricted to the phytogeographic province, while the remaining species are shared with neighboring regions. The Chaco, at least in Argentina, cannot be considered a faunal region for bats, although it cannot be consid¬ ered to be an extension of the Patagonian subregion ei¬ ther, with which it has an index of faunal congruence of only 15. If anything, the Chaco is an ecotonal, south¬ ern, semiarid extension of the two great tropical forests of western and eastern South America, having an index of faunal congruence of 78 with both the Yungas and the Paranean phytogeographic provinces (Table 27). At the same time, the Chaco abuts the Espinal and Monte phytogeographic provinces and is a northward, mesic (by comparison) extension of the drylands. As a conse¬ quence, it supports an especially rich fauna of mam¬ mals, with some elements from each adjoining prov¬ ince. The second richest phytogeographic province in Argentina from the standpoint of bats is the Paranean, which includes the mesic tropical forests of the North¬ east along the border with Brazil and Paraguay. It has a bat fauna of 38 species, of which four ( Macrophyllum macrophyllum, Vampyressa pusilla, Histiotus velatus, and Mo loss ops neglectus) are restricted to the province. Although this province is not large in Argentina, it is rich in species and includes the political province of Misiones; it abuts the Chaco, with which it has an in¬ dex of faunal congruence of 78. The Paranean phyto¬ geographic province corresponds closely with Koopman’s Eastern Brazilian highlands faunal area. Figure 162 (facing page). Phytogeographic regions of Argentina. BARQUEZ ETAL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 235 72' 68 64' 60' 56' 52' 24' 28' 32' 36' 40' 44' 48’ 52 Islas Malvinas o L 250 I km [P] Paranean □ Yungas H] Chaco H3 Espinal | Andean p] Monte n Pampean Patagonian Subantarctic 500 l 80 ' 76 ' 72 ' 68 64 60 ' 56 ' 52 48 ' Table 26. Occurrence of bat species in the major phytogeographic provinces ofArgentin 236 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY o t. Cu u £X s tJ) o s -C (X c CT3 (U -d c < c 5 c o taO 2 e3 CL. CJ 4 —< a w. -—■ c < I X) 3 (/} C 05 cL> cx S 03 a. c o 03 C '5. ttJ !jO 00 C £ c c3 fj C 03 u. o3 a. o CJ o3 JC U on a t ©, OJ -3 .03 $3 a 32 V C SCO; r 05 5 5 CJ go Co OS -3 o; d ? o* 2 L < O -3 S' ° S' s | 1 * 3 £ ^ 3 p 3 3 C 3, -© 05 fc to Co ir> • Su to k 3 ?C s g-g £ ^ to Os .°a -2 V. 05 % -© 2 05 3 •-. -i„ c ~© 3 03 _ .■*- -0; os -3 Cl. g *3 © <3 jo "2 :-■ § Co £> to to r>* $5 Jo to to 3 © -© © Oi ■Os © ^ Co -- v 2; o> X CL, Q ~3 o r-. so 2C cx, S, cv X XXX XXX XXXX XXX to 3 .to ■-* X xxxxxxxxxxx - 3 Oi 3 5 to 3 o c to 3 Vj o ■>*— to to o ’ *-*i ^ !C Oj 3 Co 3 3 - £ to 3 "*■■« o ■ "~-4 .to to 5: ^ ^ Table 26 (continued). Occurrence of bat species in the major phytogeographic provinces of Argentina BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 237 o u Cu CJ B Cu cd U. oo o c < I JD :3 oo c cd o o (D a. on >< x x vO x x x x x x x vO XXX XXX X X ON XXX XXX XXX X X X X X X X X X X X X X vO X X X m oo X X X m XXX xxxxxxxxxxxx Tj- X Tj- ■—i X > 3 3 ) 3 V. .3 X <3 X 3 LS-, >"3j^ 'o 25 <3 3 a 3 Go 3 Cd P- X 3 <1 O . 5 5 3 X X X Oh Oh 3 3 3 X x e X X fc _o .3 3 13 S3 o *o ? ^ -3 ^ ^ O' X o 3 ■3 3 a a S5 .2 2 c i~ 3 a -3 3: .3 c 3 1 o 3 V 3 X 3 X 3 X "Cj & ^ *0 -Q 2 cs 3 "3 cj-'o'cS §• 3 3 X 3 Si ci 3 .Oh Vo & 3 3 co 3 CD 3 3 CD 3 3 X §* CD -Cl -3 *§ X 3 3 < ^ 3 -3 §* 5 3 3 ^ UJ 3 3 S 3 .X 3 co c: 3 3 3 ( 7 Buenos Aires, published by Editorial Antartica, Chile. Koopman, K. F. 1967. The southernmost bats. Journal of Mammalogy, 48:487-488. -. 1976. Zoogeography. Pp. 39-47, in Biology of bats of the New World Family Phyllostomatidae. Part I (R. J. Baker, J. K. Jones, Jr., and D. C. Carter, eds.). Special Pub¬ lications, The Museum, Texas Tech Llmversity, 10:1-218. -. 1978. Zoogeography of Peruvian bats with spe¬ cial emphasis on the role of the Andes. Ameri¬ can Museum Novitates, 2651:1-33. -. 1982. Biogeography of bats of South America. p P . 273-302, in Mammalian biology in South America (M. A. Mares and H. H. Genoways, eds.). Special Publication Series, Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology, University of Pitts¬ burgh, 6:1-539. -. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137-241, in Mam¬ mal species of the World: a taxonomic and geo¬ graphic reference (D. E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder, eds.). Second Edition Smithsonian In¬ stitution, Washington, D. C., 1,206 pp. Kunz, T. H. 1973. Resource utilization: temporal and spatial components of bat activity in central Iowa. Journal of Mammalogy, 54:14-32. -. 1982. Roosting ecology of bats. Pp. 1-55, in Ecology of bats (T. H, Kunz, ed.). Plenum Press, New York, 425 pp. Kurta. A., and G. C. Lehr. 1995. Lasiums ega. Mam¬ malian Species, 515:1-7. La Val, R. K. 1969. Records of bats from Honduras and El Salvador. Journal of Mammalogy, 50:819- 822. -. 1973. A revision of the Neotropical bats of the genus Myotis. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Bulletin, 15:1-54. La Val, R. K., and M. L. La Val. 1979. Notes on repro- 250 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY duction, behavior, and abundance of the red bat, Lasiurus borealis. Journal of Mammalogy, 60:209-212. LemJke, T. O., and J. R. Tamsitt. 1979. Anoura cultrata (Chiroptera: Phyllostomatidae) from Colom¬ bia. Mammalia, 43:579-581. Lewis, S. E., and D E. Wilson. 1987, Vampyressa pusilla. Mammalian Species, 292:1-5. Linhart, S. B. 1970. A partial bibliography of the vam¬ pire bats ( Desmodus , Diphylla, Diaemus). Bu¬ reau of Fisheries and Wildlife, Denver Wild¬ life Research Center, 53 pp. Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classis, ordines, genera, spe¬ cies cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tenth ed. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 823 pp. Lord, R. D., H. Delpietro, and L. Lazaro. 1973, Vampiros que se alimentan de murcielagos. Physis, 32:225. Lord, R. D., F. Muradali, and L. Lazaro. 1976. Age com¬ position of vampire bats (Desmodus rotundas ) in northern Argentina and southern Brazil. Jour¬ nal of Mammalogy, 57:573-575. Lucero, M. M. 1983. Lista y distribucion de aves y mamiferos de la provincia de Tucuman. Fundacion Miguel Lillo, Tucuman, 75:1-61. Mann Fischer, G. 1978. Los pequenos mamiferos de Chile (marsupiales, quiropteros, edentados y roedores). Gayana, Zoologia, 40:1-342. Mares, M. A. 1973. Climates, mammalian communi¬ ties and desert rodent adaptations: an investi¬ gation into evolutionary convergence. Unpub¬ lished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Texas, Austin, 345 pp. -1982. The scope of South American mamma¬ lian biology: perspectives on a decade of re¬ search. Pp. 1-26, in Mammalian biology in South America (M. A. Mares and H. H. Genoways, eds.). Special Publication Series, Pymatumng Laboratory of Ecology, University of Pittsburgh, 6:1-539. Mares, M. A., and D. E. Wilson. 1971. Bat reproduc¬ tion during the Costa Rican dry season. BioScience, 21:471-477. Mares, M. A., R. M. Barquez, and J. K. Braun. 1995. Distribution and ecology of some Argentine bats. .Annals of Carnegie Museum, 64:219-237. Mares, M. A., R. A. Ojeda, and R. M. Barquez. 1989. The mammals of Salta Province, Argentina (Los mamiferos de Salta). The University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 320 pp. Mares, M. A., R. A. Ojeda, and M. P. Kosco. 1981. Ob¬ servations on the distribution and ecology of the mammals of Salta Province, Argentina. Annals of Camegie Museum, 50:151 -206, Mares, M. A., R. M. Barquez, J. K. Braun, and R. A. Ojeda. 1996. Observations of the mammals of Tucuman Province, Argentina. I. Systematics, distribution, and ecology of the Didelphimorphia, Xenarthra, Chiroptera, Pri¬ mates, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, and Lagomorpha. Annals of Camegie Museum, 65:8-152. Mares, M. A., R. A. Ojeda, J. K. Braun, and R. M. Barquez. 1997. Observations of the mammals of Catamarca Province, Argentina: systemat¬ ics, distribution, and ecology. Pp. 49-96, in Life among the muses: papers in honor of James S. Findley (T. L. Yates, W. L, Gannon, and D. E. Wilson, eds.). The Museum of Southwestern Biology, University ofNew Mexico, Albuquer¬ que, 290 pp. Marques, S. A. 1985. Especies associadas e algumas caracteristicas fisicas de Carolliaperspicillata em bueiros na regiao de Manaus, AM (Mam¬ malia, Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). Acta Amazonica, 15:243-248. -. 1986. Activity cycle, feeding and reproduction of Molossus ater (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in Brazil. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Cioeldi Zoologia, 2:159-179. Martinez Achembach, G. 1967. La presencia del murcielago pescador (Noctilio leporinus rufipes) en la latitud del Departamento Capi¬ tal. UniversidadNacional del Litoral, Sante Fe, 1:13-18. Massoia, E. 1970. Contribucion al conocimiento de los mamiferos de Formosa con noticias de los que habitan zonas vinaleras. Idia, 276:55-63. -. 1976. Cuatro notas sobre murcielagos de la BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 251 Republica Argentina (Molossidae y Vespertilionidae). Physis, 35:257-265. -. 1980. Mammalia de Argentina. I. Los mamiferos silvestres de la provincia de Misiones. Iguazu, 1:15-43. - 1988a. Presas de Tyto alba en Campo Ramon, Departamento Obera, Provincia de Misiones. I. Aprona, Boletin Cientifico, 7:4-16. -. 1988(5. Analisis de regurgitados de Rhinoptynx clamator del Partido de Marcos Paz, Provincia de Buenos Aires. Aprona, Boletin Cientifico, 9:4-9. -. 1989. Animales depredados por Tyto alba tuidara en la ciudad de San Miguel, Partido de General Sarmiento, Provincia de Buenos Aires. Aprona, Boletin Cientifico, 15:2-13. Massoia, L., and J. C. Chebez. 1989. Notas zoogeograficas sobre algunos quiropteros misioneros. Aprona, Boletin Cientifico, 14:8. Massoia, £., and 0. Dilorio. 1981. Murcielagos (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) asociados a la “Vinchuca colorada,” Triatoma mbrovaria (Hemiptera, Reduviidae). Revista de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, FNTA, Buenos Aires, 16:303-306. Massoia, E., and U. J. R Pardinas. 1989. Analisis de regurgitados de Tyto alba tuidaria de Camp¬ ing Casa Amarilla, Partido de Chascomus, Provincia de Buenos Aires. Aprona, Boletin Cientifico, 13:22-24. Massoia, E., J. C. Chebez, and S. H. Fortabat. 1988. Presas de Tyto alba tuidara en Ensenadita, Departamento San Cosme, Provincia de Corrientes. Aprona, Boletin Cientifico, 12:8- 14. -. 1989a. Segundo analisis comparative de egagropilas de Tyto alba tuidara en el Departamento de Apostoles, Povincia de Misiones. Aprona, Boletin Cientifico, 13:3-8. -. 19896. Analisis de regurgitados de Tyto alba tuidara de Los Helechos, Departamento Obera, Provincia de Misiones. Aprona, Boletin Cientifico, 14:16-22. -. 1989c. Mamiferos y aves depredados por Tyto alba tuidara en Bonpland, Departamento Candelaria, Povincia de Misiones. Aprona, Boletin Cientifico, 15:19-24. - 1989 d. Mamiferos y aves depredados por Tyto alba tuidara en el Arroyo Yabebyri, Departamento Candelaria, Povincia de Misiones. Aprona, Boletin Cientifico, 15:8-14. -. 1990. Mamiferos depredados por Tyto alba tuidara en Desaguadero, Departamento Capi¬ tal, Provincia de Corrientes. Aprona, Boletin Cientifico, 18:14-17. Massoia, E., A. Morici, and B, Lartigau. 1993. Analisis de regurgitados de Tyto alba de Villa La Ventana, Partido de Torquinst, Provincia de Buenos Aires. Aprona, Boletin Cientifico, 26:22-36. Massoia, E., S. I. Tiranti, and M. P. Torres. 1989. La depredacion de pequenos mamiferos por Tyto alba en Canal 6, Delta Bonaerense, Partido de Campana, Provincia de Buenos Aires. Aprona, Boletin Cientifico, 13:14-19. Massoia, E,, O. B. Vaccaro, C. Galliari, and S. Ambrosini. 1987. La mastofauna del Rio Urugua-i, Provincia de Misiones. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Ber¬ nardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Naturales, Zoologia, 14:111-124. Medellin, R. A. 1989. Chrotoptems auritus. Mamma¬ lian Species, 343:1-5. Mies, R., A. Kurta, and D. G. King. 1996. Eptesicus furinalis. Mammalian Species, 526:1-7. Miller, G. S., Jr. 1906. Twelve new genera of bats. Pro¬ ceedings of the Biological Society of Wash¬ ington, 19:83-86. -. 1907. The families and genera of bats. Bulle¬ tin of the United States National Museum, 57:1- 282. -1912. List of North American land mammals in the United States National Museum. Bulle¬ tin of the United States National Museum, 79:1 - 455. -. 1913a. Revision of the bats of the Genus Glossophaga. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 46:413-429. 252 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY -. 19136. Notes on the Genus Molossus. Proceed¬ ings of the United States National Museum, 46:85-92. Miller, G. S., Jr., and G. M. Allen. 1928. The American bats of the genera Myotis and Pizonyx , Bulle¬ tin of the United States National Museum, 144:1-218. Monjeau, A., N. Bonino, and S. Saba. 1994. Annotated checklist of the Living land mammals in Patagonia, Argentina. Mastozoologia Neotro¬ pical, 1:143-156. Morales, J. C., and J. W. Bickham. 1995. Molecular systematics of the genus Lasiurus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) based on restriction-sitemaps of the mitochondrial ribosomal genes. Journal of Mammalogy, 76:730-749. Morales Agacino, E. 1941. Unas paginas ineditas de Felix de Azara sobre quiropteros del Paraguay. Notas del Museo de La Plata, Zoologia, 49:215- 223. Morello, J., and J. Adamoli. 1968. La vegetacion de la Republica Argentina. Las grandes unidades de vegetacion y ambiente del Chaco Argentino. Primera parte: objetivos y metodologia. INTA, Serie Fitogeografia, 10, 125 pp. Motta Junior, J.C.,andV. A.Taddei. 1992. Bats as prey of Stygian owls in southeastern Brazil. Jour¬ nal of Raptor Research, 26:259-260. Myers, P. 1977. Patterns of reproduction of four spe¬ cies ofvespertilionid bats in Paraguay. Univer¬ sity of California Publications in Zoology, 107:1-41. -. 1981. Observations on Pygoderma bilabiatum (Wagner). Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde, 46:146-151. Myers, P., and R. M. Wetzel. 1979. New records of mam¬ mals from Paraguay. Journal of Mammalogy, 60:638-641. -■. 1983. Systematics and zoogeography of the bats of the Chaco Boreal. Miscellaneous Pub¬ lications of the Museum of Zoology, Univer¬ sity of Michigan, 165:1-59. Myers, P., R. White, and J. Stallings. 1983. Additional records of bats from Paraguay. Journal of Mam¬ malogy, 64:143-145. Ojasti, J., and O. J. Linares. 1971. Adiciones de la fauna de murcielagos de Venezuela con notas sobre las especies del genero Diclidunis (Chiroptera). Acta Biologica Venezolana, 7:421 -441. Ojeda, R. A., and R. M. Barquez. 1976. Sobre el efecto de ambientes inestables en micromamiferos. Neotropica, 22:109- 111. Ojeda, R. A., and M. A. Mares. 1989. A biogeographic analysis of the mammals of Salta Province, Ar¬ gentina. patterns of species assemblage in the Neotropics. Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University, 27:1-66. Olrog, C. C. 1950. Notas sobre mamiferos y aves del Archipielago de Cabo de Hornos. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 9:505-532. -. 1958. Notas mastozoologicas sobre la coleccion del Institute Miguel Lillo (Tucuman). Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 16:91-95. -. 1959. Notas mastozoologicas. II, Sobre la coleccion del Instituto Miguel Lillo. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 17:403-419. -. 1967. Pygoderma bilabiatum , un murcielago nuevo para la fauna Argentina (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae). Neotropica, 13:104. -. 1973. Alimentacion del falso vampiro “ Chrotopterus auritus ” (Mammalia, Phyllostomidae). Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 30:5-6. -. 1976. Sobre mamiferos del noroeste Argentino. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 32:5-14. -. 1979. Los mamiferos de la selva humeda, Cerro Calilegua, Jujuy. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 33:9-14. Olrog, C. C., and R. M. Barquez. 1979. Dos quiropteros nuevos para la fauna Argentina. Neotropica, 25:185-186. Olrog, C. C., and M. M. Lucero. 1981. Guia de los Mamiferos Argentinos. Fundacion Miguel Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina, 151 pp. Osgood, W. H. 1915. New mammals from Brazil and Peru. Field Museum of Natural History, Zool¬ ogy Series, 10:187-198. -. 1943. The mammals of Chile. Field Museum of Natural History, Zoology Series, 30:1-268. RARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 253 Owen, R. D. 1987. Phylogenetic analysis of the bat sub¬ family Stenodermatinae (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Special Publications, The Mu¬ seum, Texas Tech University, 26:1-65. Owen, R. D., and W. D Webster. 1983. Morphological variation in the Ipanema bat, Pygoderma bilabiatum, with description of a new subspe¬ cies. Journal of Mammalogy, 64:146-149. Pacheco, V., and B. D. Patterson. 1991. Phylogenetic relationships of the New World bat genus Sturnira (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae. Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, 206:101-121. Patterson, B. D., V. Pacheco, and M. V. Ashley. 1992. On the origins of the western slope region of endemism: systematics of fig-eating bats, ge¬ nus Artibeus. Memories del Museo de Historia Natural, U. N. M. S. M. (Lima), 21:189-205. Pearson, O. P. 1995. Annotated keys for identifying small mammals living in or near Nahuel Huapi National Park or Lanin National Park, south¬ ern Argentina. Mastozoologia Neotropical, 2:99-148. Pearson, O. P., and A. K. Pearson, 1989. Reproduction of bats in southern Argentina. Pp, 549-566, in Advances in Neotropical mammalogy (K. H. Redford and J. F. Eisenberg, eds.). The San¬ dhill Crane Press, Inc., Gainesville, Florida, 614 pp. Peters, W. 1875. Uber die mit Histiotus velatus verwandten Flederthiere aus Chili. Monatsberichte der Koniglich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1875:785-792. Peterson, R. L. 1965. A review of the flat-headed bats of the Family Molossidae from South America and Africa. Life Sciences Contributions, Royal Ontario Museum, 64:1-32. Pine, R. H. 1969. Stomach contents of a free-tailed bat, Molossus a ter. Journal of Mammalogy, 50.162. -. 1972. The bats of the Genus Carollia. Techni¬ cal Monograph of the Texas Agricultural Ex¬ periment Station, Texas A & M University, 8:1- 125. -. 1982. Current status of South American mam¬ malogy. Pp. 27-37, in Mammalian biology in South America (M. A. Mares and H. H. Genoways, eds,). Special Publication Series, Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology, University of Pittsburgh, 6:1-539. Podtiaguin, B. 1944. Contribucion al conocimiento de los murcielagos del Paraguay. Revista de la Sociedad Cientifica del Paraguay, 6:1-62. Racey, P. A. 1982. Ecology of bat reproduction. Pp. 57- 104, in Ecology of bats (T. H. Kunz, ed.). Ple¬ num Press, New York, 425 pp. Ramirez-Pulido, J., M. A. Armella, and A. Castro- Campillo. 1.993. Reproductive patterns of three neotropical bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in Guerrero, Mexico. The Southwestern Natu¬ ralist, 38:24-29. Rode, P. 1941. Catalogue des types de mammiferes du Museum National d’Historie Naturelle. Ordre des Chiropteres. Bulletin du Museum National d’histoire Naturelle, Serie 2, 13:227-252. Roig, V. G. 1965. Elenco sistematico de los mamiferos y aves de la provinicia de Mendoza y notas sobre su distribution geografica. Boletin de Estudios Geograficos, 12:175-222. Romana, C., and J. W. Abalos. 1950. Lista de quiropteros de la coleccion del Instituto de Medicina Re¬ gional, y sus parasitos. Anales del Instituto de Medicina Regional, 3:111-117. Romana, C., and L. B. Toranzos (h). 1947. Schizotry- panum de murcielagos del genero Eptesicus. Anales del Instituto de Medicina Regional, 2:41-55. Ross, A. 1961. Notes on food habits of bats. Journal of Mammalogy, 42:66-71. - 1967. Ecological aspects of food habits of in¬ sectivorous bats. Proceedings of the Western Foundation for Vertebrate Zoology, 1:205-263. Ruschi,A. 1953. Morcegos do Estado do Espirito Santo. XVIII. FamiLia Phyllostomatidae. Descrip^ao das especies Artibeus jamaicensis lituratus e Vampyrops lineatus com algurnas observacoes. Boletin do Museu de Biologia Professor Mello- Leitao, Santa Teresa, Zoologia, 20:1-8. Sanborn, C. C. 1932. The bats of the genus Eumops. Journal of Mammalogy, 13:347-357. -. 1933. Bats of the genera Anoura and 254 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Lonchoglossa. Field Museum of Natural His¬ tory, Zoology Series, 20:23-28. Sanborn, C. C., and J. A. Crespo. 1957. El murcielago blanquizco ( Lasiurus cinereus ) y sus subspe¬ cies. Boletin del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia'’ e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de las Ciencias Natu¬ rales, 4:1-13. Santis, L. J., and E. R. Justo. 1978. Observaciones sobre algunos quiropteros de la provincia de La Pampa. Neotropica, 24:161-163. Sazima, I. 1976. Observations on the feeding habits of phyllostomatid bats ( Carollia, Anoura, and Vampyrops ) in southeastern Brazil. Journal of Mammalogy, 57:381-382. -. 1978. Vertebrates as food items of the wooly false vampire, Chrotopterus auritus . Journal of Mammalogy, 59:617-618. Sazima, I., and W. Uieda. 1977. O morcego Promops nasutus no sudeste brasileiro (Chiroptera, Molossidae). Ciencia e Cultura, 29:312-314. Sazima, M., M. E. Fabian, and I. Sazima. 1982. Polinizagao de Luehea speciosa (Tiliaceae) por Glossophaga soricina (Chiroptera, PhyJlo- stomidae). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 42:505-513. Schinz, H. R. 1821. Das thierreich eingetheilt nach dem Bau der Thiere als Grundlage ihrer Naturgeschichte und der vergleichenden Anatomie von dem Flerm Ritter von Cuvier. Vol. I, Saugethiere und Vogel. J. G. Cotta’schen Buchhandlung, Stuttgart und Tubingen, 894 pp. Schmidt, IJ. 1972. Die sozialen Laute juveniler Vampirfledermause (Desmodus rotundus) und ihrer mutter. Bonner Zoologische Beitrage, 23:310-316. -. 1974. Die tragzeit der Vampirfledermause (Desmodus rotundus). Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde, 39:129-132. Schmidt, U., A. M. Greenhall, and W. Lopez-Fonnent. 1971. Okologische untersunchungen der Vampirfledermause ( Desmodus rotundus) im Staate Puebla, Mexico. Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde, 36:360-370. Schwartz, A. 1955. The status of species of the brasiliensis group of the genus Tadarida. Jour¬ nal of Mammalogy, 36:106-109. SENASA. 1970. Rabia paralitica. Cartilla de Divulgacion, Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Animal, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 8 pp. Seymour, C., and R. W. Dickerman. 1982. Observations on the long-legged bat, Macrophyllum macrophyllum, in Guatemala. Journal of Mam¬ malogy, 63:530-532. Shamel, H. II. 1931. Notes on the American bats of the genus Tadarida. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 78:1-27. Sherman, H. B. 1939. Notes on the food of some Florida bats. Journal of Mammalogy, 20:103-104. Shump, K. A., Jr., and A. U. Shump. 1982a. Lasiurus borealis. Mammalian Species, 183:1-6. -—, 1982/?. Lasiurus cinereus. Mammalian Species, 185:1-5. Silva, F. 1975. Tres novas ocorrencias de quiropteros para o Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil (Mammalia, Chiroptera). Iheringia, Zoologia, 46:51-53. Silva, F., and M. B. S. Fleck. 1976. Comunicagao sobre os habitos alimentares de Tadarida brasiliensis (I. Geoffroy). Pesquisas: Zoologia, 27:19-27. Simpson, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of the mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 85:1-350. Smith, J. D., and H. H. Genoways, 1969. Systematics status of the Mastiff bat, Eumops perotis renatae Pirlot, 1965. Mammalia, 33:529-534. Smith, J. D., and A. Starret. 1979. Morphometric analy¬ sis of chiropteran wings. Pp. 229-31 6 , in Biol¬ ogy of bats of the New World Family Phyllostomatidae. Part HI (R. J. Baker, J. K. Jones, Jr., and D. C. Carter, eds.). Special Pub¬ lications, The Museum, Texas Tech University, 16:1-441. Storer, T. I. 1926. Bats, bat towers and mosquitoes. Jour¬ nal of Mammalogy, 7:85-90. Taddei, V. A. 1975. Phyllostomidae (Chiroptera) do Norte-Ocidental do Estado de Sao Paulo. II - Glosssophaginae, Carolliine; Sturnirinae. Ciencia e Cultura, 27:723-734. BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 255 Tamsitt, J. R., and D. Valdivieso. 1966. Taxonomic com¬ ments on Anoura caudifer , Artibeus lituratus and Molossus moiossus . Journal of Mammal¬ ogy, 47:230-238. Thomas, O. 1898. On the small mammals collected by Dr. Borelli in Bolivia and northern Argentina. Bollettino dri Musei Zoologia ed Anatomia Comparata della R. Univerista di Torino, 13:1-4. -. 190.1 a. New Neotropical mammals, with a note on the species of Reithrodon. Annals and Maga¬ zine of Natural History, series 7, 13.246-255. -. 19016. On a collection of bats from Paraguay. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, se¬ ries 7, 8:435-443. -, 1901c. On a collection of bats from Para. An¬ nals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 8:189-193. -. 1902. On mammals collected at Cruz del Eje, Central Cordova. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 9:237-245. -. 1905. New Neotropical Chrotopterus , Sciurus, Neacomys, Coendu , Proechimys, and Mannosa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 16:308-314. -. 1911, The mammals of the tenth edition of Linnaeus; an attempt to fix the types of the gen¬ era and the exact bases and localities of the spe¬ cies. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1911:120-158. - 1915. On bats of the genus Promops. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 8, 16:61-64. -. 1916. Notes on the bats of the genus Histiotus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, se¬ nes 8, 17:272-276. -. 1920a. A further collection of mammals from Jujuy. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 9, 5:188-196. -. 19206. On Neotropical bats of the genus Eptesicus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 9, 4:360-367. -. 1921. A new bat of the genus Promops from Peru. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 9, 8:139. -. 1924. New South American mammals. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 9, 13:234-237. Tuttle, M, D. 1967, Predation by Chrotopterus auritus on geckos. Journal of Mammalogy, 48:319. Vaccaro, O. B. 1992. Comentarios sobre nuevas localidades para quiropteros de Argentina. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Natu- rales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Institute Nacional de Investigation de las Ciencias Natu- rales, Zoologia, 16:27-36. Vaccaro, O. B., and E. Massoia. 1988a. La presencia de G/ossophaga soricina soricina (Pallas, 1766) en la Provincia de Misiones, Argentina (Chiroptera, PhyUostomidae). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Ber¬ nardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de lnvestigacion de las Ciencias Naturales, Zoologia, 15:45-53. -. 19886. Nueva especies para la Provincia de Misiones, Argentina: Lasiurus cinereus villosissimus (Geoffroy, 1806) (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de lnvestigacion de las Ciencias Naturales, Zoologia, 15:41-45. Vaughan, T. A. 1959. Functional morphology of three bats: Eumops, Myotis, Macrotus. University of Kansas Publications, Museum of Natural His¬ tory, 12:1-153. -. 1966. Morphology and flight characteristics of molossid bats. Journal of Mammalogy, 47:249- 260. Vervoorst, F. 1979. La vegetacion del noroeste argentino y su degradation. Fundacion Miguel Lillo, serie Conservacion de la Naturaleza, 9 pp. -, 1982. Noroeste. Pp. 9-24, in Conservacion de la Vegetacion Natural en la Republica Argen¬ tina. Simposio XVIII Argentinas Jomadas de Botanica, Fundacjon Miguel Lillo, Tucuman, Argentina, 127 pp. Vieira, C. O. da C. 1942. Ensaio monografico sobre os quiropteros do Brasil. Arquivos de Zoologia do Estado de Sao Paulo, 3:219-471. Villa-R., B. 1967. Los murcielagos de Mexico. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Umversidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, 491 pp. 256 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY VilJa-R., B., and M. Villa-C. 1969. Algunos murcielagos del norte de Argentina. Miscellaneous Publi¬ cations of the Museum of Natural History, Uni¬ versity of Kansas, 51 ;407-428. -. 1971. Observaciones acerca de algunos murcielagos deL norte de Argentina, especialmente de la biologia del vampiro Desmodus r. rotundus. Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Serie Zoologia, 42:107-148. Villa-R., B„ M. Morales Da Silva, andM. Villa-C. 1969. Estudio del contendio estomacal de los murcielagos hematofagos Desmodus rotundus rotundus (Geoffroy) y Diphylla ecaudata ecaudata Spix (Phyllostomatidae, Desmo- dinae). Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Serie Zoologia, 40:291-298. Vizotto, L. D., and V. A. Taddei. 1976. Notas sobre Molossops temminckii temminckii e Molossops planirostris (Chiroptera-Molossidae). Naturalia, 2:4759. Wainberg, R. L., and N. L. De Rosa. 1966. Sexual chro¬ matin in South American bats. Its study and its possible phylogenetic importance. Acta Physis Latino Americana, 16:257-265. Warner, J. W., J. L. Patton, A. L. Gardner, and R. J. Baker. 1974. Karyotypic analyses of twenty- one species of molossid bats (Molossidae: Chiroptera). Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology, 16:165-176. Webster, W. .D. } and J. K. Jones, Jr. 1980. Taxonomic and nomenclatural notes on bats of the genus Glossophaga in North America, with descrip¬ tion of a new species. Occasional Papers, The Museum, Texas Tech University, 100:1-12. Webster, W. D ( , and R, D. Owen 1984. Pygoderma bilabiatum. Mammalian Species, 220:1-3. Whitaker, J. O., Jr. 1972. Food habits of bats from Indi¬ ana. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 50:877-883. Whitaker, J. O., Jr., and J. S. Findley. 1980. Foods eaten by some bats from Costa Rica and Panama. Journal of Mammalogy, 61:540-544. Wied-Neuwied, M. P. Zu. 1826. Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte von Brazilien. Verseichniss der Amphibien, Saugthiere und Vogel, welche auf einer Reise zwischen dem 13ten und 23 sten Grade siidlicher Breite im ostlichen Brasilien beobachtet wurden. II. Abthejlung. Mammalia. Saugethiere. Weimar, 2 1 -620. Williams, D. F. 1978. Taxonomic and karyologic com¬ ments on small brown bats, Genus Eplesicus, from South America. Annals of Carnegie Mu¬ seum, 47:361-383. Williams, S. L., and H. H. Genoways. 1980. Results of the Alcoa Foundation-Suriname Expeditions. IV. A new species of bat of the Genus Molossops (Mammalia: Molosssidae). Annals of Carnegie Museum, 49:487-498. Williams, S. L, M. R. Willig, and F. A. Reid. 1995. Re¬ view of the Tonatia bidens complex (Mamma¬ lia: Chiroptera), with descriptions of two new subspecies. Journal of Mammalogy, 76:612-626. Willig, M. R. 1983. Composition, microgeographic variation, and sexual dimorphism in Caatingas and Cerrado bat communities from northeast Brazil. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natu¬ ral History, 23:1-131. Willig, M. R., and M. A. Mares. 1989. A comparison of bat assemblages from phytogeographic zone of Venezuela. Pp. 59-67, in Patterns in the struc¬ ture of mammalian communities (D. W. Mor¬ ris, Z. Abramsky, B, J. Fox, and M. R. Willig, eds.). Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, 266 pp. Willig, M. R., and M. P. Moulton. 1989. The role of stochastic and deterministic processes in struc¬ turing Neotropical bat communities. Journal of Mammalogy, 70:323-329. Willig, M. R., and E. A. Sandlin. 1991. Gradients of spe¬ cies density and species turnover in New World bats: a comparison of quadrat and band method¬ ologies. Pp. 81-96, in Latin American mammal¬ ogy: history, biodiversity, and conservation (M. A. Mares and D. J. Schmidly, eds.). The Univer¬ sity of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 468 pp. Willig, M. R., and K. W. Selcer. 1989. Bat species den¬ sity gradients in the New World: a statistical assessment. Journal of Biogeography, 16:189- 195. Wilson, D. E. 1971. Ecology of Myotis nigricans (Mam¬ malia: Chiroptera) on Barro Colorado Island, BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 257 Panama Canal Zone. Journal of Zoology (Lon¬ don), 163:1-13. -. 1973. Reproduction in Neotropical bats. Periodicum Biologorum, 75:215-217. -. 1979. Reproductive patterns. Pp. 317-378, in Biology of bats of New World Family Phyllostomatidae. Part III (R. J. Baker, J. K. Jones, Jr., and D. C. Carter, eds.). Special Pub¬ lications, The Museum, Texas Tech University, 16:1-441. Wilson, D. E., and J. S. Findley. 1970. Reproductive cycle of a Neotropical insectivorous bat, Myotis nigricans. Nature, 225:1155. -. 1971. Spermatogenesis in some Neotropical species of Myotis. Journal of Mammalogy, 52:420-426. Wilson, D. E., and I. Gamarra de Fox, 1991. El murcielago Macrophyllum macrophyllum (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) en Paraguay. Boletin de Museo Nacional de Historia Natu¬ ral del Paraguay, 10:33-35. Wilson, D. E., and R. K. Laval. 1974. Myotis nigricans. Mammalian Species, 39:1-3. Woodman, N. 1993. The correct gender of mammalian generic names ending in -olis. Journal of Mam¬ malogy, 74:544-546. Ximenez, A. 1969. Dos nuevos generos de quiropteros para el Uruguay. (Phyllostomidae-Molossidae). Comunicaciones Zoologicas del Museo de Historia Natural de Montevideo, 125:1-8. Yepes, J. 1944. Comentarios sobre cien localidades nuevas para mamiferos Sudamericanos. Revista Argentina de Zoogeografia, 4:59-71. APPENDIX 1 GAZETTEER 1. 6 km NE by Highway 2 ofjct. Highway 2 and Arroyo Paraiso (Guarani, Misiones) 27° 08' S 54° 00'w 2. 7 de Abril (Burruyacu, Tucuman) 26° 18' S 64 u 29’W 3. Abra de Cafias, 1724 m (Valle Grande, Jujuy) 23° 40' S 64° 54' W 4. Abra de Cafias, 1730 m (Valle Grande, Jujuy) 23° 40' S 64° 54' W 5. Abra de Cafias, app. 30 km NW Calilegua, sobre ruta a Valle Grande (Valle Grande, Jujuy) 23° 40' S 64° 54' W 6. Abra de Cafias, El Monolito, 1700 m (Valle Grande, Jujuy) 23° 40' S 64° 54’ W 7. Abra Grande (Oran, Salta) 23° 05’ S 64° 22' W 8. Abra Grande, 10 km N Oran (Oran, Salta) 23° 05' S 64 !) 22' W 9. Abra Grande, 20 km NW Oran (Oran, Salta) 23° 04’ S 64° 30' W 10. Acheral (Monteros, Tucuman) 27° 07’ S 65° 27' W 11. Agua Blanca (Oran, Salta) 22° 45' S 64° 22' W 12. Agua Blanca, 20 km NW (Oran Salta) 22° 33' S 64° 32' W 13. Agua Blanca, 24 km N W (Oran, Salta) 22° 33’ S 64° 32’ W 14. Agua Blanca, 25 km NW (Oran, Salta) 22° 33' S 64° 32’ W 15. Agua Blanca, 5 km W (Oran, Salta) 22° 45' S 64° 25'W 16. Agua Colorada (Burruyacu, Tucuman) 26° 26' S 64° 53’ W 17. Agua de Ramon (Minas, Cordoba) 30° 48' S 65° 22'W 18. Agua de Torres (Chical-Co, La Pampa) 36° 10' S 68° 09' W 19. Agua Rosada (Trancas, Tucuman) 26° 22' S 65° 26’ W 20. Agua Rosada, San Pedro de Colalao (Trancas, Tucuman) 26° 22' S 65° 26' W 21. Agua Salada, app. 15 bn SE Agua Caliente, lado oriental del Rio San Francisco (Santa Barbara, Jujuy) 23° 57'S 64° 38’W 22. Aguaray (San Martin, Salta) 22° 16' S 63° 46' W 23. Aguaray, 700 m (San Martin, Salta) 22° 16' S 63° 46'W 24. Aguas Blancas (Oran, Salta) 22° 45' S 64° 22' W 25. Aguas Blancas, 14 km E Santa Clara (Santa Barbara, Jujuy) 24° 18' S 64° 28’ W 26. Aguas Blancas, 27 bn W (Iruya, Salta) 22° 45' S 64° 45' W 27. Aguas Chiquitas (Burruyacu, Tucuman) 26° 37' S 65° 12'W 28. Aguas Chiquitas, 25 km NE San Miguel de Tucuman, 800 m (Burruyacu, Tucuman) 26° 37' S 65° 12'W 29. Aguas Chiquitas, El Cadillal (Burruyacu, Tucuman) 26° 37' S 65° 12' W 30. Aguas Chiquitas, Sierras de Medina, 800 m (Burruyacu, Tucuman) 26° 37' $ 65° 12' W 31. Aguas Negras, Parque Nacional Calilegua (Ledesma, Jujuy) 23° 45' S 64° 56’ W 32. Aimogasta (Arauco, La Rioja) 28° 33* S 66° 49' W 33. Alejandra (San Javier, Santa Fe) 29° 58’ S 59° 50' W 34. Algarrobal, 20 km E General Giiemes (General Guemes, Salta) 24° 32’ S 64° 53' W 35. Almafuerte, (Leandro N.Alem, Misiones) 27° 30' S 55° 24' W 36. Alta Gracia (Santa Maria, Cordoba) 31° 40' S 64° 26’ W 3 7. Alto Macueta, 2 km N del cruce de Macueta y Campo Lago (San Martin, Salta) 22° 02' S 63° 59' W 38. Amaicha del Valle, 2000 m (Tafi del Valle, Tucuman) 26° 36' S 65° 55' W 39. Ariatuya (Sobremonte, Santiago del Estero) 28° 27' S 62° 50’ W 40. Andalgala (Andalgala, Catamarca) 27° 36' S 66° 20'W 41. Andalgala, 13 km N (Andalgala, Catamarca) 27° 32'S 66° 20’W 42. Andalgala, 4 km S (Andalgala, Catamarca) 27° 32' S 66° 20’ W 43. Angosto del Pescado, Serrania de Las Pavas 259 260 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY (Oran, Salta) 22° 33' S 64 u 32' W 44. Angosto El Duraznal, 15 km $ Palma Sola, 1225 m (Santa Barbara, Jujuy) 24° 10' S 64° 20' W 45. Anisacate (Santa Maria, Cordoba) 31° 43’ S 64° 25' VV 46. Anta Mapu (Burruyacu, Tucuman) 26° 3 1' S 64° 43’ W 47. Antilla (Rosario de La Frontera, Salta) 26° 7’ S 64° 36’ W 48. Antinaco, 1130 m (Famatina, La Rioja) 28° 49' S 67° 19'W 49. Apolinario Saravia, 5 km W (Anta, Salta) 24° 30' S 64° 10’ W 50. Apostoles (Apostoles, Misiones) 27° 54' S 55° 45’W 51. Arenales, 15 km E Piedrabuena (Jimenez, Santiago del Estero) 26° 43' S 64° 35' W 52. Aristobulo del Valle, 10 km W by road along Rio Cunapiru (Cainguas, Misiones) 27° 06' S 54° 57' W 53. Arroyo Aguas Chiquitas, Reserva Provincial Aguas Chiquitas (Burruyacu, Tucumt^n) 26° 37' S 65° 12' W 54. Arroyo de Las Canas, Horco Molle (Yerba Buena, Tucuman) 26° 45' S 65° 23’ W 55. Arroyo El Salton, Reserva Provincial Santa Ana (Rio Chico, Tucuman) 27° 26’ S 65° 46' W 56. ArroyoLaHiguera(San Javier, Cordoba) 32° IF S 65° 13’ W 57. Arroyo La Urbana, 45 km E y 5.4 km SE San Salvador de Jujuy, 620 m (San Pedro, Jujuy) 24° 20’ S 64° 50’ W ’ 58. Arroyo Los Noques, Parque Nacional El Rey (Anta, Salta) 24° 32' S 64 u 38' W 59. Arroyo Sauzalito, Parque Nacional Calilegua (Ledesma, Jujuy) 23° 40’ S 64 u 42' W 60. Arroyo Yabebyri, entre Loreto y el Arroyo Yabebyri, sobre ruta 12 (Candelaria, Misiones) 27 u 15' S 55° 32' W 61. Arroyo Yuto, 13 km SW Yuto (Ledesma, Jujuy) 23° 38' S 64° 28' W 62. Arroyo Zaiman (Capital, Misiones) 27° 22' S 55° 53’W 63. Astica (Valle Fertil, San Juan) 30° 54' S 67° 13' W 64. Azul (Azul, Buenos Aires) 36° 47' S 59° 51' W 65. Bahia Blanca (Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires) 38° 44' S 62 u 16'W 66. Baigorria (Rio Cuarto, Cordoba) 32 u 50' S 64° 20’ W 67. Balcarce (Balcarce, Buenos Aires) 37° 48' S 57 u 51' W 68. Balneario El Caolin, 6 km NW Chumbicha (Capayan, Catamarca) 28° 52' S 66° 14' W 69. Balneario Municipal Capayan, Chumbicha (Capayan, Catamarca) 28° 52' S 66° 14’ W 70. Banado de Figueroa, Rio Salado (Figueroa, Santiago del Estero) 27° T S 63° 4F W 71. Bandfield (Lomas de Zamora, Buenos Aires) 34° 45’ S 58° 24' W 72. Bariloche (Bariloche, Rio Negro) 41° 08’ S 71° 23'W 73. Bariloche, 20 km E (Pilcaniyeu, Rio Negro) 41° 08'S 71° 08’W 74. Bariloche, 3 km W (Bariloche, Rio Negro) 41° 08' S 71° 23' W 75. Bariloche, 4 km W (Bariloche, Rio Negro) 41 u 08'S 71° 23’W 76. Barranqueras (San Fernando, Chaco) 27° 29' S 58° 56' W 77. Bartolome de Las Casas (Patino, Formosa) 25° 20'S 59° 41’W 78. Beatriz, Nahuel IJuapi, 800 m (Los Lagos, Neuquen) 40° 5 F S 71° 39' W 79. Belgrano (Distrito Federal, Buenos Aires) 34° 34' S 58° 28' W 80. Bella Vista (General Sarmiento, Buenos Aires) 34° 34' S 58° 42’ W 81. Benjamin Paz (Trancas, Tucuman) 26° 23' S 65° 18'W 82. Bernal (Quilmes, Buenos Aires) 34° 42' S 58° 14’W 83. Betania (General Giiemes, Salta) 24° 32' S 65° T W 84. Bialet Masse (Punilla, Cordoba) 31° 18' S 64° 28'W 85. Biological Reserve at Horco Molle (Yerba Buena, Tucuman) 26° 45’S 65° 21'W 86. Biological Reserve at Horco Molle, near residencia, 2,400 ft. (Yerba Buena, Tucuman) 26° 45' S 65 u 2F W 87. Bonifacio, F. C. Sud (Guamini, Buenos Aires) 36° 49’S 62° 13'W 88. Bonpland (Candelaria, Misiones) 27° 29' S 55° 29'W 89. Bosch, 15 km NW Balcarce (Balcarce, Buenos Aires) 37° 38'S 58° 14'W 90. Bouvier (Pilcomayo, Formosa) 25°27' S 57° 35' W 91. Bouvier, Clorinda (Pilcomayo, Formosa) 25° 27' BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 261 S 57 u 35' W 92. Brazo Largo (Islas del Ibicuy, Entre Rios) 33° 51' S 58° 57' W 93. Buenos Aires (Distrito Federal, Buenos Aires) 34° 38' S 58° 34’ W 94. Burruyacu (Burruyacii, Tucuman) 26° 30’ S 64° 45'W 95. Burruyacii, lglesia (Burruyacu, Tucuman) 26° 30' S 64° 45' W 96. Burzaco (Almirante Brown, Buenos Aires) 34° 50' S 58° 24 1 W 97. Cacheuta (Lujan, Mendoza) 33° 0T S 69° 08’ W 98. Cachi (Cachi, Salta) 25° 07' S 66° 12' W 99 Cachi, 2500 m (Cachi, Salta) 25° 07' S 66° 12' W 100. Cafayate (Cafayate, Salta) 26° 06’ S 65 u 57' W 101. Cafayate, 20 km NYV, 1700 m (San Carlos, Salta) 25° 54' S 66° 09' W 102. Caimancito (Ledesma, Jujuy) 23° 44' S 64° 36’ W 103. Caleu Caleu (Caleu Caleu, La Pampa) 38° 59' S 64° 04' W 104. Calilegua (Ledesma, Jujuy) 23° 46' S 64° 47’ W 105. C’ama Cortada, cerca de Los Hoyos (Rio Seco, Cordoba) 29° 52' S 63° 39' W 106. Camino de Comisa, 10 km W Dique La Cienaga (El Carmen, Jujuy) 24° 29' S 65° 22’ W 107. Campana (Campana, Buenos Aires) 34° 10’ S 58° 57’W 108. Campana, INTA (Campana, Buenos Aires) 34° 10'S 58° 57’W 109. Campo Alegre (Juan F. Ibarra, Santiago del Estero) 28° 19'S 61° 54'W 110. Campo Gallo (Alberdi, Santiago del Estero) 26° 36' S 62° 50' W 111. Campo Quijano (Rosario de Lerma, Salta) 24° 54' S 65° 38' W 112. Campo Ramon (Obera, Misiones) 27° 26' S 54° 58’ W 113. Campo Santo (General Giiemes, Salta) 24° 32' S 65° 06' W 114. Campo Santo, Escuela Nacional 149 (General Giiemes, Salta) 24° 32' S 65° 06' W 115. Campo Viera (Obera, Misiones) 27 u 20' S 55° 03'W 116. Canal 15 (CasteHi, Buenos Aires) 35° 58' S 57° 47'W 117. Canal 6, Delta bonaerense (Campana, Buenos Aires) 34° 7'S 59° 02’ W 118. Candelaria (Candelaria, Misiones) 27° 28’ S 55° 45'W 119. Capital Federal (Distrito Federal, Buenos Aires) 34° 38’S 58° 34'W 120. Capitan Solan, La Forestal (Sargento Cabral, Chaco) 26° 45' S 59° 49' W 121. Caraguatay (Montecarlo, Misiones) 26° 37’ S 54° 37'W 122. Carro Quemado (Loventue, La Pampa) 36° 28' S 65° 21' W 123. Casa de Piedra, Rio Los Sosa, ruta 307, km 24.9, 850 m (Monteros, Tucuman) 27° 03' S 65 u 37' W 124. C’aspichango (Monteros, Tucuman) 27° 04' S 65° 30'W 125. Castaho Nuevo, 9 km NW Villa Nueva (Calingasta, San Juan) 31° 02' S 69° 33' W 126. Catamarca, ciudad (Capital, Catamarca) 28° 28’ S 65° 47' W 127. Cataratas del Iguazu (Iguazu, Misiones) 25° 41' S 54° IT W 128. Cataratas del Iguazu, 125 m (Iguazu, Misiones) 25° 41'S 54° 27'W 129. Cebilar, 20 km W Apolinario Saravia (Anta, Salta) 24° 33' S 64° 30' W 130. Cercanias de San Pedro (San Pedro, Jujuy) 24° 15'S 64° 50'W 131. Cerrillos (Cerrillos, Salta) 24° 55' S 65° 29' W 132. Cerro de la Gloria (Capital, Mendoza) 32° 54' S 68° 50’ W 133. Cerro del Campo, 900 m (Burruyacu, Tucuman) 26 u 35' S 64° 57' W 134. Cerro San Javier (Yerba Buena, Tucuman) 26° 47' S 65° 24' W 135. Chanar Pozo (Rio Hondo, Santiago del Estero) 27° 34' S 64° 41' W 136. Chancani (Pocho, Cordoba) 31° 25' S 65° 28' W 137. Chascomus (Chascomus, Buenos Aires) 35° 34' S 58° 2’ W 138. Chavarria (San Roque, Corrientes) 28° 57' S 58° 34' W 139. Chilecito (Chilecito, La Rioja) 29° 1 O' S 67° 30' W 140. Chimpay (Avellaneda, Rio Negro) 39° 09' S 66° ll'W 141. Chos Malal (Chos Malal, Neuquen) 37° 23’ S 70° 16'W 142. Choya, 13 km NNW of Andalgala, 4,000 ft. (Andalgala, Catamarca) 27° 32' S 66° 24' W 143. Chumbicha, 1 km N and W of balneano by road, 2,600 ft. (C’apayan, Catamarca) 28° 52' S 66° 14' W 144. Chumbicha, 7 km N (Capayan, Catamarca) 28° 52' S 66° 14'W 262 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 145. Chumbicha, at balneario, 2,400 ft. (Capayan, Catamarca) 28° 52' S 66° 14’ W 146. Ciudad Capital (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 50' S 65° 13’ W 147. Clorinda (Pilcoraayo, Formosa) 25° 17' S 57° 43' W 148. Clorinda, 13 km al S, sobre ruta 11 (Pilcomayo, Formosa) 25° 23' S 57 u 47' W 149. Codihue (Picuches, Neuquen) 38° 28' S 70° 30' W 150. Colalao del Valle, 2500 m (Tafi del Valle, Tucuman) 26° 22’ S 65° 57' W 151. Colastine Sur (La Capital, Santa Fe) 31 u 42' S 60° 40’W 152. Colonia Benitez (Primero de Mayo, Chaco) 27° 20' S 58° 57’ W 153. Colonia Benitez, 20 km N Resistencia, 30 m (Primero de Mayo, Chaco) 27° 20' S 58° 57’ W 154. Colonia Dora (Avellaneda, Santiago del Estero) 28° 37' S 62° 57’ W 155. Colonia El Pavao, 41 kmN Comandante Fontana on Rd 95 (Patino, Formosa) 24° 55’ S 59° 36' W 156. Colonia km 503 (Patino, Formosa) 25° 23’ S 60° 19’W 157. Colonia km 503, 16 km S (Patino, Formosa) 25° 26' S 60° 15’W 158. Colonia Martires (Candelaria, Misiones) 27° 26’ S 55° 23’ W 159. Colonia Martires, Chacra Ferreira, 125 m (Candelaria, Misiones) 27° 26' S 55° 23' W 160. Colonia Martires, Puerto Candelaria (Candelaria, Misiones) 27° 26'S 55° 23'W 161. Comandante Fontana (Patino, Formosa) 25° 19' S 59° 30' W 162. Complejo Astronomico El Leoncito, 7 km W (Calmgasta, San Juan) 31° 48' S 69° 20' W 163. Concepcion (Chicligasta, Tucuman) 27° 20' S 65° 35’ W 164. Concordia, 32 km N (Federacion, Entre Rios) 31 0 09’ S 57° 58' W 165. Corazon de Maria (Colon, Cordoba) 31° 30’ S 64° 00’W 166. Cordoba (Capital, Cordoba) 31° 25’ S 64° 12' W 167. Coronel J. F. Gomez (General Roca, Rio Negro) 39° 03' S 67° 37' W 168. Coronel Vidal (Mar Chiquita, Buenos Aires) 37° 48’ S 57° 44’ W 168a. Comal de Piedras (Collon Cura, Neuquen) 40° 26’ S 70° 36’ W 169. Corrientes (Capital, Corrientes) 27° 28' S 58° 50' W 170. Corrientes Capital, Barrio Lomas (Capital, Corrientes) 27° 28' S 58° 50' W 171. Corrientes Capital, Escuela 599 (Capital, Corrientes) 27° 28'S 58° 50'W 172. Cruz del Eje (Cruz del Eje, Cordoba) 30° 44’ S 64° 49' W 173. Cucho, San Salvador de Jujuy (Dr. Manuel Belgrano, Jujuy) 24° 04' S 65° 15' W 174. Cuesta del 25,3 kin N entrada al Dique El Cadillal (Tafi Viejo, Tucuman) 26° 37' S 65° 12’ W 175. Cuesta del Clavillo, 3 km SW La Bandenta (Andalgala, Catamarca) 27° 29’ S 66° 06' W 176. Cuesta del Clavillo, 5 km S La Banderita (Andalgala, Catamarca) 27° 29’ S 66° 06' W 177. Cuesta del Totoral (Paclin, Catamarca) 28° OF S 65° 35' W 178. Cuesta La Sebila, Hwy 60 (Capayan, Catamarca) 28° 43'S 66° 22’W 179. Cueva del Chacho, Patquia (Independencia, La Rioja) 30° 03' S 66° 53' W 180. Cueva del Indio, 4 km W Cafayate, 1800 m (Cafayate, Salta) 26° 05' S 65° 58' W 181. Cueva del Murcielagallo, 15 km SSW Santa Victoria, 2000 m (Santa Victoria, Salta) 22° 15' S 65° 02’ W 182. Cueva del Tigre, 74 km N Pampa Blanca, 700 m (Ledesma, Jujuy) 23° 57' S 64° 47' W 183. Cueva del Tigre, El Milagro (El Carmen, Jujuy) 24° 22' S 65° 02’ W 184. Cueva Maria Antonia (San Ignacio, Misiones) 27° 17' S 55° 32’ W 185. Cura Brochero (San Alberto, Cordoba) 31 0 40' S 65° 00' W 186. Desaguadero, Escuela 208, Ruta Provincial 5, a 20 km de Corrientes (Capital, Corrientes) 27° 34' S 58° 39’ W 187. Dique El Cadillal, 25 km N San Miguel de Tucuman (Tafi Viejo, Tucuman) 26° 37' S 65° 12’ W 188. Dique El Potrero (Andalgala, Catamarca) 27° 32' S 66° 20' W 189. Dique El Potrero, 13 km N Andalgala (Andalgala, Catamarca) 27° 32’ S 66° 20' W 190. Dique Escaba (Alberdi, Tucuman) 27° 40' S 65° 46’W 191. Dique Itiyuro (San Martin, Salta) 22° 10' S 63° 50' W 192. Dique Itiyuro, 5 km W (San Martin, Salta) 22° 10’ S 63° 55' W BARQUEZ ET AL.—IHE BATS OF ARGENTINA 263 193. Dique La Cienaga (El Carmen, Jujuy) 24° 25' S 65° 17 W 194. Dique La Cienaga, 13 km SSW S. S. de Jujuy (El Carmen, Jujuy) 24° 25' S 65 u 17 W 195. Dique La Cienaga, casa del club nautico, 30 km SSW San Salvador de Jujuy, 1000 m (El Carmen, Jujuy) 24° 25' S 65° 17 W 196. Dique Las Maderas (El Carmen, Jujuy) 24° 27' S 65° 15'W 197. Dique Las Maderas, 42 km San Salvador de Jujuy, 920 m (El Carmen, Jujuy) 24° 27' S 65° 15' W 198. Dique San Ignacio (La Cocha, Tucuman) 27° 44' S 65° 40' W 199. Dolavon (Gaiman, Chubut) 43° 20' S 65° 43' W 200. Dos de Mayo (Cainguas, Misiones) 27° 02' S 54° 39'W 201. Dos de Mayo, Paraje km 51 (Cainguas, Misiones) 27° 02' S 54° 39’ W 202. Dragones (San Martin, Salta) 23° 16' S 63° 21' W 203. El Barreal (Capital, La Rioja) 29° 38' S 66° 02' W 204. El Bolson (Bariloche, Rio Negro) 41° 58' S 71° 31’W 205. El Bolson, 3 km N (Bariloche, Rio Negro) 41° 58' S 71° 31' W 206. El Breal (Rivadavia, Salta) 22° 14' S 62° 56’ W 207. El Breal, 6 km SW Santa Victoria Este (Rivadavia, Salta) 22° 14' S 62° 56' W 208. El Cadillal (Tafi Viejo, Tucuman) 26° 37' S 65° 12' W 209. El Cadillal, 25 km N San Miguel de Tucuman (Tafi Viejo, Tucuman) 26° 37' S 65° 12' W 210. El Cadillal, Estacion de Piscicultura (Tafi Viejo, Tucuman) 26° 37’ S 65° 12' W 211. El Cadillal, Rio Loro (Burruyacu, Tucuman) 26° 37' S 65° 10’ W 212. El Cadillal, usina (Tafi Viejo, Tucuman) 26° 37' S 65° 12'W 213. El Carmen (El Carmen, Jujuy) 24° 24' S 65° 15' W 214. El Carrizal, Cordoba Range, 1000 m (San Javier, Cordoba) 31° 57 S 65° 12'W 215. El Carrizal, Villa Dolores, 1000 m (San Javier, Cordoba) 31° 57 S 65° 12'W 216. El Chaguaral (Oran, Salta) 24° 00' S 64° 00' W 217. El Challao (Las Heras, Mendoza) 32° 50’ S 68° 52’ W 218. El Churcal, approx. 10 km SSE Buena Vista (Bermejo, Formosa) 23° 30’ S 61° 33' W 219. El Cogoik, 5 km antes de (Patino, Formosa) 24° 48' S 59° 10'W 220. El Colmenar (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 50' S 65° 13’W 221. El Colorado (Pirane, Formosa) 26° 18' S 59° 22' W 222. El Condor, Lago Perito Moreno, 800 m (Bariloche, Rio Negro) 41° 08' S 71° 26' W 223. El Corte (Yerba Buena, Tucuman) 26° 49' S 65° 26'W 224. El Duraznillo, 3000 m, Cerro Calilegua (Valle Grande, Jujuy) 23° 28' S 64° 55' W 225. El Hoyo (Cushamen, Chubut) 42° 03’ S 71° 3 V W 226. El Maiten, 2 km N (Cushamen, Chubut) 42° 02' S 71° 09' W 227. El Manantial (Lules, Tucuman) 26° 5L S 65° 17' W 228. El Mangrullo, 20 km NNW by road and 11 km NE by road (Almirante Brown, Chaco) 26° 09' S 61° 15'W 229. El Mojon (Pellegrini, Santiago del Estero) 26° 09’S64° 18'W 230. El Monolito (Valle Grande, Jujuy) 23° 40' S 64° 54’W 231. El Naranjal (Monteros, Tucuman) 27° 02' S 65° 41’W 232. El Naranjo (Burruyacu, Tucuman) 26° 40' S 65° 03'W 233. El Nogalar, Ruta 307, 1700 m (Monteros, Tucuman) 27° OP S 65° 40’W 234. El Palmar del Rio San Francisco (Santa Barbara, Jujuy) 24° 08' S 64° 33' W 235. El Paraiso (Yerba Buena, Tucuman) 26° 49’ S 65° 26’W 236. El Porvenir (Metan, Salta) 25° 23’ S 64° 55' W 237. El Potrero (Rosario de La Frontera, Salta) 25° 58' S 64° 40' W 238. El Potrero, 13 km N Andalgala (Andalgala, Catamarca) 27° 33’ S 66° 20’ W 239. El Retiro (Jimenez, Santiago del Estero) 27° 04' S 64 u 28’ W 240. El Rincon (Jimenez, Santiago del Estero) 26° 43' S 64° 40’ W 241. El Rodeo, 900 m (Ambato, Catamarca) 28° 13' S 65° 52’ W 242. El Rodeo-La Junta (Ambato, Catamarca) 28° 13' S 65 u 52' W 243. El Simbolar, 25 km SW Palma Sola (Santa Barbara, Jujuy) 24° M'S 64° 28' W 244. El Tuscal (Tulumba, Cordoba) 29° 40' S 64° 3 l’W 245. El Zapallar, Finca Las Tres Marias (General Giiemes, Salta) 24° 31' S 65° 00' W 264 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 246. Eldorado (Eldorado, Misiones) 26° 26' S 54° 41' W 247. Eldorado, 3 km SE (Eldorado, Misiones) 26° 26’ S 54° 41' W 248. Embarcacion, Finca Ires Pozos, 247 km NE San Salvador de Jujuy (San Martin, Salta) 23° 13' S 64° 07’ W 249. Energia (San Cayetano, Buenos Aires) 38° 34' S 59° 21' W 250. Escuela 149, 30 km NE Salta (General Giiemes, Salta) 24° 32' S 65° 06' W 251. Escuela Gumichaga, Rosario de Lerma (Rosario de Lerma, Salta) 24° 59’ S 65° 35' W 252. Escuela Provincial 639, Campo Ramon (Obera, Misiones) 27° 26' S 54° 58' W 253. Esperanza (Las Colonias, Santa Fe) 31° 27 1 S 60° 56’W 254. Espinillo (Rio Cuarto, Cordoba) 33° OF S 64° 21' W 255. Estacion Banos (Rosario de La Frontera, Salta) 25° 50’ S 64° 50’ W 256. Estacion Medanos (Gualeguaychu, Entre Rios) ■ 33° 25’ S 59° 4F W 257. Estacion Paranacito (Islas del Ibicuy, Entre Rios) 33° 42'S 59° OF W 258. Estacion Patquia, Guayapa (Independencia, La Rioja) 30° 09’ S 66° 57’ W 259. Estancia Alicura (Lacar, Neuquen) 40° 30' S 70° 45'W 260. Estancia Alto Las Juntas (Ambato, Catamarca) 28° 08’ S 65° 54’ W 261. Estancia El Casalito, Ruta 226 ca. km 98 (Balcarce, Buenos Aires) 37° 46' S 58° 00' W 262. Estancia El Cavao (Burruyacu, Tucuman) 26° 30' S 64° 45' W 263. Estancia La Esperanza (General Lavalle, Buenos Aires) 36° 30’S 57° 13'W 264. Estancia Las Juntas (Ambato, Catamarca) 28° 08' S 65° 54' W 265. Estancia Las Mercedes (Pilcomayo, Formosa) 25° ] P S 57° 54’W 266. Estancia Puesto Valle, 25 km E Ituzaingo (ltuzaingo, Corrientes) 27° 36' S 56° 25' W 267. Estancia San Miguel, along Flwy 90, 15 km NW jet. Hwy 90 and Hwy 11 (Primero de Mayo, Chaco) 26° 57' S 58° 59’ W 268. Estancia Santa Catalina, 5 km S, km 64 (Patino, Formosa) 24° 56' S 59° 12’ W 269. Estancia Viamonte (Rio Grande, Tierra del Fuego) 53 u 59' S 67° 30’ W 270. Estanislao del Campo (Patino, Formosa) 25° 03 1 S 60° 06’ W 271. Estanislao del Campo, 40 km N (Patino, Formosa) 24° 43’ S 60° 06' W 272. Ezpeleta (Quilmes, Buenos Aires) 34° 45’ S 58° 14'W 273. Finca Abra Grande (San Martin, Salta) 22° 40’ S 63° 41'W 274. Finca Belgrano, Cerrillos, 30 km SW Salta (Cerrillos, Salta) 24° 55’ S 65° 29’ W 275. Finca Catamontana, 33 km SSE San Salvador de Jujuy, 925 m (El Carmen, Jujuy) 24° 23’ S 65° 07' W 276. Finca El Arrazayal, Serrania de las Pavas (Oran, Salta) 22° 33’S 64° 32’W 277. Finca El Olvido, 15 km E Palma Sola (Santa Barbara, Jujuy) 24° 00' S 64° 10' W 278. Finca El Pongo, 45 km E San Salvador de Jujuy (El Carmen, Jujuy) 24° 21’ S 65° 04’ W 279. Finca El Remate, 24 km SE San Salvador de Jujuy, 740 m (Dr. Manuel Belgrano, Jujuy) 24° 17' S 65° 06’W 280. Finca La Carolina, Los Perales, San Salvador de Jujuy, 1310m (Dr. Manuel Belgrano, Jujuy) 24° IPS 65° 19'W 281. Finca La Cruz, 28 km SSE Salta (Capital, Salta) 24° 54'S 65° 10’W 282. Finca La Cruz (Capital, Salta) 24° 54’ S 65° 10’ W 283. Finca La Florida, Rosario de Lerma, 25 km SSW Salta (Chicoana, Salta) 25° OP' S 65° 34' W 284. Finca La Rosa, Cafayate, 2000 m (Cafayate, Salta) 26° 06’ S 65° 57' W 285. Finca La Toma, 25 km SW San Salvador de Jujuy (San Antonio, Jujuy) 24° 20' S 65° 21' W 286. Finca San Lorenzo, Rosario de La Frontera (Rosario de La Frontera, Salta) 25° 48' S 64° 58’ W 287. Finca Santa Cruz, 3 km N Las Mercedes (Rosario de La Frontera, Salta) 25° 57' S 64° 40' W 288. Finca Tabaquillo, 15 km E Cruz del Eje (Cruz del Eje, Cordoba) 30° 45’ S 64° 52' W 289. Florencia (General Obligado, Santa Fe) 28° 02' S 59° 14'W 290. Floresta (Distrito Federal, Buenos Aires) 34° 38’ S 58° 28’ W 291. Fracan (Guarani, Misiones) 26° 47' S 54° 15' W 292. Fraile Pintado, 12 km W, sobre Rio Ledesma (Ledesma, Jujuy) 23° 57' S 64° 55' W 293. Frontera, Tobuna (San Pedro, Misiones) 26° 26’ S 53° 54' W BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 265 294. Gaspar Campos, 10 km N (General Alvear, Mendoza) 34° 39'S 67° 26’W 295. General Giiemes, Ruta 34 km 1363 (General Giiemes, Salta) 24° 3 F S 65° 02’ W 296. General Lavalle, 20 mi S (General Lavalle, Buenos Aires) 36° 42' S 56° 57’ W 297. General M. M. de Giiemes, 30 km SSW (Gen¬ eral Giiemes, Salta) 24° 40' S 65° 15' W 298. General Pico (Mara Co, La Pampa) 35° 40’ S 63° 46' W 299. General Roca (General Roca, Rio Negro) 39° 02' S 67° 33' W 300. General Vedia (Bermejo, Chaco) 26° 56' S 58° 41'W 301. Girardet (Moreno, Santiago del Estero) 27° 38' S 62 ° irw 302. Gobemador Lanusse (Iguazu, Misiones) 25° 58' S 54° 17' W 303. Gobemador Piedrabuena (Burruyacii, Tucuman) 26° 45’ S 64° 40' W 304. Godoy Cruz (Godoy Cruz, Mendoza) 32° 55' S 68° 52' W 305. Goya (Goya, Corrientes) 29° 08' S 59° 17' W 306. Goya, 600 m (Goya, Corrientes) 29° 08' S 59° 17' W 307. Granja 17 de Abril (Marcos Paz, Buenos Aires) 34° 45' S 58° 58' W 308. Guachipas (Guachipas, Salta) 25° 31' S 65° 31' W 309. Guachipas, Iglesia (Guachipas, Salta) 25° 31' S 65° 31' W 310. Gualeguaychu (Gualeguaychu, Entre Rios) 33° or s 58° 3 r w 311. Guarani (Obera, Misiones) 27° 37' S 55° 10' W 312. Giiemes (General Giiemes, Salta) 24° 31’ S 65° 02'W 313. Herrera (Avellaneda, Santiago del Estero) 28° 28' S 63° 04' W 314. Hickman (San Martin, Salta) 23 u 13' S 63° 34' W 315. Hickman, Luna Muerta (San Martin, Salta) 23° 13'S63°34’W 316. Horco Molle (Yerba Buena, Tucuman) 26° 47' S 65° 23’ VV 317. Horco Molle, 15 km W San Miguel de Tucuman (Yerba Buena, Tucuman) 26° 47' S 65° 23' W 318. Horco Molle, 900 m (Yerba Buena, Tucuman) 26° 47'S 65° 23’W 319. Horco Molle, Biological Reserve (Yerba Buena, Tucuman) 26° 47' S 65° 23' W 320. Horco Molle, Parque Biologico Sierra de San Javier (Yerba Buena, Tucuman) 26° 47' S 65° 23' W 321. Horco Molle, Residencia Universitaria (Yerba Buena, Tucuman) 26° 47' S 65° 23' W 322. Horco Molle, Rio Las Cahas (Yerba Buena, Tucuman) 26° 47' S 65° 23' W 323. Horco Molle, Rio Las Lenas (Yerba Buena, Tucuman) 26° 47' S 65° 23' W 324. Horco Molle, Rio Las Piedras (Yerba Buena, Tucuman) 26° 47'S 65° 23'W 325. Horcones (Rosario de La Frontera, Salta) 25° 48' S 64° 55' W 326. Hotel Liao Liao (Bariloche, Rio Negro) 41° 01' S 71 0 3 1' W 327. Hotel Termas, Rosario de La Frontera (Rosario de La Frontera, Salta) 25° 50' S 64° 56’ W 328. Hoyo de Epuyen (Cushamen, Chubut) 42° 03’ S 71° 3 r w 329. Humaita (Capital, Salta) 24° 55' S 65° 23' W 330. Huyamampa (La Banda, Santiago del Estero) 27° 23’ S 64° 18’W 331 Icano (Avellaneda, Santiago del Estero) 28° 40' S 62° 53' W 332. Iglesia (Burruyacii, Tucuman) 26° 30' S 64° 45' W 333. Iguazu (Iguazu, Misiones) 25° 35' S 54° 33' W 334. Iguazu, cerca de las Cataratas del Iguazu (Iguazu, Misiones) 25° 4 F S 54° 27'W 335. Ingenio Amalia (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 52' S 65° 13’W 336. Ingenio Lules (Lules, Tucuman) 26 u 55' S 65° 20' W 337. Ingenio San Martin del Tabacal (Oran, Salta) 23° 15' S 64° 15’W 338. Ingenio San Pablo (Lules, Tucuman) 26° 54' S 65° 19'W 339. Ingenio Santa Lucia (Monteros, Tucuman) 27° 06'S 65° 31’W 340. Instituto LiJlo (Capital, Tucumhn) 26° 49' S 65° 13'W 341. Instituto Lillo, San Miguel de Tucuman (Capi¬ tal, Tucuman) 26° 49’ S 65° 13' W 342. Ischigualasto (Valle Fertil, San Juan) 30° 06' S 67° 55' W 343. Isla Apipe (Ituzaingo, Corrientes) 27° 30' S 56° 53' W 344. Isla Apipe Grande (Ituzaingo, Corrientes) 27° 30' S 56° 53' W 345. Isla del Cerrito (Bermejo, Chaco) 27° 16' S 58° 41'W 346. Isla Victoria (Los Lagos, Neuquen)41° 00' S 71° 266 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 30'W 347. Isla Victoria, Piedras Blancas (Los Lagos, Neuquen) 40° 50' S 71° 30' W 348. Islas del Ibicuy, Paranacito (Islas del Ibicuy, En- tre Rios) 33° 44’ S 58° 40' W 349. Islas del Ibicuy (Islas del Ibicuy, Entre Rios) 33° 44' S 59° 10'W 350. Ita fbate (General Paz, Corrientes) 27° 26’ S 57° 20'W 351. Itati (Itati, Corrientes) 27° 16' S 58° 15' W 352. ltau (Campo Largo), Sierras de Tartagal, 1600 m (San Martin, Salta) 22° 05' S 63° 55' W 353. Ituzaingo (Ituzaingo, Corrientes) 27° 35' S 56° 41'W 354* Ituzaingo, 25 bn E (Ituzaingo, Corrientes) 27° 36’ S 56° 25’ W 355. Jet. Hwy 2 and Arroyo Paraiso (Guarani, Misiones) 27° IPS 54° 03'W 356. Jet. Hwy 21 and Arroyo Oveja Negra, approx. 2 km W Parque Provincial Mocona (Guarani, Misiones) 27° 08’ S 53° 54’ W 357. Joaquin V. Gonzalez, 8 km SE, Finca San Javier (Anta, Salta) 25° 02’ S 64° 05' W 358. Jujuy ciudad (Dr. Manuel Belgrano, Jujuy) 24° 12’S 65° 19'W 359. Junta de los Rios Tarija y Bermejo (Oran, Salta) 22° 51’S 64° 20’W 360. Juntas de San Antonio (Oran, Salta) 22° 51' S 64° 20'W 361. La Argentina (Minas, Cordoba) 31° 14' S 65° 18' W 362. La Banda (La Banda, Santiago del Estero) 27° 42'S 64° 14'W 363. La Banderita (Andalgala, Catamarca) 27° 19' S 65° 58’ W 364. La Banderita, Ruta 62 carnino a Las Estancias ( Andalgala, Catamarca) 27° 19' S 65° 58' W 365. La Bismutina (Minas, Cordoba) 31° 09' S 65° 13'W 366. La Caldera (La Caldera, Salta) 24° 37’ S 65° 23' W 367. La Cienaga, 2500 m (Tafi del Valle, Tucuman) 26° 46' S 65° 39’ W 368. La Cumbre (Pumlla, Cordoba) 30° 59' S 64° 30' W 369. La Fragua (Pellegrini, Santiago del Estero) 26° 08' S 64° 20’ W 370. La Gallareta, Cerrito, km 60 (Vera, Santa Fe) 29° 30’ S 60° 30’ W 371. La Higuera (Cruz del Eje, Cordoba) 31° 01’ S 65° 06' W 372. La Higuera (Trancas, Tucuman) 26° 23' S 65° 26' W 373. La Junta, 1600 m (Ambato, Catamarca) 28° 08' S 65° 54' W 374. La Maya, 45 km SE Bell Ville (Marcos Juarez, Cordoba) 33° 00'S 62° 28'W 375. La Merced (Paclin, Catamarca) 28° 10' S 65° 41' W 376. La Merced (Cerrillos, Salta) 24° 58’ S 65° 29 1 W 377. La Merced, 1200 m (Cerrillos, Salta) 24° 58' S 65 u 29' W 378. La Paz (San Javier, Cordoba) 32° 15' S 65° 01' W 379. La Pega (Guaymallen, Mendoza) 32° 49' S 68° 40'W 380. La Plata (La Plata, Buenos Aires) 34° 55’ S 57° 57’W 381. La Poblacion (Cruz del Eje, Cordoba) 30° 50' S 65° 21' W 382. La Pochita, Baritina (Sobremonte, Cordoba) 29° 46' S 64° 49' W 383. La Puerta (Ambato, Catamarca) 28° 10' S 65° 48' W 384. La Puerta (Rio Hondo, Santiago del Estero) 27 (> 38' S 64° 35’ W 385. La Rinconada (Yerba Buena, Tucuman) 26° 49’ S 65° 20’ W 386. La Rioja (Capital, La Rioja) 29° 25’ S 66° 51’ W 387. La Toma (Coronel Pringles, San Luis) 33° 04’ S 65° 38’ W 388. La Vina (La Vina, Salta) 25° 28' S 65° 35' W 389. La Vina, iglesia (La Vina, Salta) 25° 28' S 65° 35' W 390. Laferrere (La Matanza, Buenos Aires) 34° 45' S 58° 35' W 391. Lago Futalaufquen (Futaleufu, Chubut) 42° 53' S 71° 37' W 392. Lago Perito Moreno (Bariloche, Rio Negro) 41° 08’S 71° 26'W 393. Laguna Blanca (Pilcomayo, Formosa) 25° 08' S 58° 15' W 394. Laguna Brava (Capital, Corrientes) 27° 30’ S 58° 43’W 395. Laguna Chascomus (Chascomus, Buenos Aires) 35° 34' S 58° 02' W 396. Laguna Chasico (Vjllarino, Buenos Aires) 38° 38' S 63° 06' W 397. Laguna Colorada Grande, Caleu Caleu (Caleu Caleu, La Pampa) 38° 20' S 63° 45' W 398. Laguna de las Catas (San Martin, Salta) 22° 16' S BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 267 63° 52’W 399. Laguna de los Panzones, Retiro (Rivadavia, Saita) 22° 54’S 63° 10'W 400. Laguna Galarza (Santo Tome, Comentes) 28" 06' S 56° 40' W 401. Laguna Grande (Corpen Aike, Santa Cruz) 49° 34’S 70° 14’W 402. Laguna La Brea (Santa Barbara, Jujuy) 23 IJ 56' S 64° 28' W 403. Laguna La Brea, 25 km W Palma Sola (Santa Barbara, Jujuy) 23° 56' S 64° 28' W 404. Laguna Miranda, Zona Zapala (Zapala, Neuquen) 38° 54' S 70° 16'W 405. Laguna Paiva, B°Las Lomas (Capital, Corrientes) 27° 30' S 58° 45' W 406. Lanus (Lanus, Buenos Aires) 34° 42' S 58° 23' W 407. Las Chacras (Pocho, Cordoba) 31 0 25’ S 65° 00' W 408. Las Coloradas, 1000 m (C'atan Lil, Neuquen) 39° 34’ S 70° 36’ W 409. Las Estancias (Andalgala, Catamarca) 27° 28' S 66° 02' W 410. Las Estancias (Punilla, Cordoba) 30° 58' S 64° 40’W 411. Las Juntas, 22 km W Choromoro (Trancas, Tucuman) 26° 24'S 65° 31'W 412. Las Juntas, 22 km W Choromoro on Hwy 312, 3,500 ft. (Trancas, Tucuman) 26° 24' S 65° 3 V W 413. Las Juntas, 50 km NW Catamarca Ciudad (Ambato, Catamarca) 28° 08' S 65° 54' W 414. Las Juntas, Estancia de los Figueroa, 50 km NW Catamarca Ciudad (Ambato, Catamarca) 28° 08' S 65° 54' W 415. Las Lajitas (Anta, Salta) 24 u 41' S 64° 15' W 416. Las Lomitas (Patino, Formosa) 24° 43' S 60° 36' W 417. Las Marias (Santo Tome, Corrientes) 28° OF S 56° OF W 418. Las Mercedes (Pilcomayo, Formosa) 25° 11' S 57° 54' W 419. Las Mesadas (Trancas, Tucuman) 26° 27' S 65° 30' W 420. Las Pavas (Chicligasta, Tucuman) 27° 15' S 65° 52'W 421. Las Pavas, Aconquija (Chicligasta, Tucuman) 27° 15' S 65° 52' W 422. Las Talas, 4 km al N de Bella Vista (Leales, Tucuman) 27° 00’S 65° 17'W 423. Las Termas (Rio Hondo, Santiago del Estero) 27° 30' S 64° 50’ W 424. Las Tipas, Parque Biologico (Tafi Viejo, Tucuman) 26 u 39'S 65° 21'W 425. Las Tumanas, along Hwy 510 at crossing of Rio Tumanas (Valle Fertil, San Juan) 30° 52' S 67° 20' W 426. Las Tumanas, Rio Tumanas (Valle Fertil, San Juan) 30° 52' S 67° 20' W 427. Lavalle (General Lavalle, Buenos Aires) 36° 30' S 57° 13'W 428. Lavalle (Lavalle, Mendoza) 32 u 43’ S 68° 36' W 429. Lavalle, Estancia El Salvador (Guasayan, Santiago del Estero) 28° 12' S 65 u 07’ W 430. Leandro N. Alem (Leandro N. Alem, Misiones) 27° 36'S 55° 19'W 431. Ledesma (Ledesma, Jujuy) 23° 50' S 64° 47' W 432. Leleque (Cushamen, Chubut) 42° 24' S 71° 04’ W 433. Leocadio Paz (Trancas, Tucuman) 26° 08’ S 65° 18'W 434. Libertad (Iguazu, Misiones) 25° 55' S 54" 36' W 435. Libertador General San Martin (Ledesma, Jujuy) 23° 49'S 64° 47'W 436. Libres del Sur (Chascomus, Buenos Aires) 35° 44' S 57° 43' W 437. Loberia, 15 km SW (Loberia, Buenos Aires) 38 12’S 58 44'W 438. Lobos (Lobos, Buenos Aires) 35° 12' S 59° 06' W 439. Longchamps (Almirante Brown, Buenos Aires) 34° 52’ S 58° 24’W 440. Los C'isnes (Juarez Celman, Cordoba) 33° 24' S 63° 28' W 441. Los Helechos, Escuela n° 12 (Obera, Misiones) 27° 33'S 55° 03'W 442. Los Hoyos (Sobremonte, Cordoba) 29° 48’ S 64° 48' W 443. Los Madrejones, Junta de los Rios Tarija e Itau, 1400 m (San Martin, Salta) 22° 18’ S 64° 09' W 444. Los Modes (Cruz del Eje, Cordoba) 30° 54' S 65° 15' W 445. Los Nacimientos, ruta 40, km 869 (Belen, Catamarca) 27° 07' S 66° 42' W 446. Los Parlamentos (San Rafael, Mendoza) 35° 02' S 69° 20’ W 447. Los Perales, San Salvador de Jujuy (Dr. Manuel Belgrano, Jujuy) 24° 11' S 65° 19'W 448. Los Sannientos (Rio Chico, Tucuman) 27° 25' S 65° 42' W 449. Los Vasquez (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 50' S 65° 13' W 450. Los Vasquez, 445 m (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 50' S 65" 13' W 268 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 451. Los Yngleses, Ajo (General Lavalle, Buenos Aires) 36° 31'S 56° 53'W 452. Luan loro, 25 km S (Toay, La Pampa) 36° 20’ S 65° 07' W 453. Lujan, Quines (Ayacucho, San Luis) 32° 22' S 65° 56’ W 454. Lumbrera (Metan, Salta) 25° 1 O' S 64° 56' W 455. Maipu (Maipu, Buenos Aires) 36 n 52' S 57° 54’ W 456. Malabrigo (General Obligado, Santa Fe) 29° 20’ S 59° 59' W 457. Malargue (Malargue, Mendoza) 35° 28’ S 69° 35’W 458. Manantiales (Mburucuya, Corrientes) 27° 56' S 58° 06' W 459. Manuel Elordi, Vermejo, 500 m (Oran, Salta) 23° 16’S 64° 09'W 460. Mar Argentino (40° 04.5’ S 56° 21.5' W) 461. Mar del Plata (General Pueyrredon, Buenos Aires) 38° 00' S 57° 34' W 462. Mar del Plata, Campo de los Padres (General Pueyrredon, Buenos Aires) 38° 00’ S 57° 34' W 463. Marcos Paz (Yerba Buena, Tucuman) 26° 49' S 65° 17' W 464. Martinez (San Isidro, Buenos Aires) 34° 30’ S 58° 30'W 465. Mburucuya (Mburucuya, Corrientes) 28° 03' S 58° 13'W 466. Mendoza (Capital, Mendoza) 32° 54' S 68° 50' W 467. Mercedes (Mercedes, Corrientes) 29 u 11' S 58° 04’W 468. Metan (Metan, Salta) 25° 30’ S 64° 58’ W 469. Metan, 850 m (Metan, Salta) 25° 30' S 64° 58' W 470. Mina Pablo, Unchime, 25 km E General Giiemes, 1100 m (General Giiemes, Salta) 24° 40' S 64° 55'W 471. Mina San Ignacio (San Alberto, Cordoba) 31° 58’ S 65° 33' W 472. Mision Nueva Pompeya (General Giiemes, Chaco) 24° 50’S 61° 30'W 473. Mollecito, 30 km SE Andalgala (Poman, Catamarca) 27° 46' S 66° 12' W 474. Monte Bello (Rio Chico, Tucuman) 27° 22' S 65° 45'W 475. Monte Bello, margen derccha del Rio Medina (Rio Chico, Tucuman) 27° 22' S 65° 45’ W 476. Monteagudo (Simoca, Tucuman) 27° 3T S 65° 17'W 477. Montecarlo (Montecarlo, Misiones) 26° 33' S 54° 47'W 478. Moreno (Moreno, Buenos Aires) 34° 39' S 58° 47’W 479. Munecas (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 47' S 65M 5' W 480. Nacunan (Santa Rosa, Mendoza) 34° 03' S 67° 58’W 481. Naschel (Chacabuco, San Luis) 32° 56' S 65° 28’ W 482. Neuquen (Confluencia, Neuquen) 38° 58' S 68° 03’ W 483. Neuquen, 400 m (Confluencia, Neuquen) 38° 58' S 68° 03' W 484. Nino Dios, mas o menos 1900 m (Minas, Cordoba) 31° 05' S 65° 18'W 485. Noetinger, E Cordoba, 100 m (Union, Cordoba) 32° 22' S 62° 19’W 486. Norco, 1200 m (Trancas, Tucuman) 26° 29' S 65° 22’W 487. Norco, Vipos, 2500 m (Trancas, Tucuman) 26° 29' S 65° 22' W 488. Nueva Esperanza (Pellegrini, Santiago del Estero) 26° 12' S 64° 16' W 489. Obera (Obera, Misiones) 27° 29' S 55° 07' W 490. Ojo de Agua (Minas, Cordoba) 31° 14’ S 65° 12' W 491. Ojo de Agua (Ojo de Agua, Santiago del Estero) 29° 28’ S 63° 39' W 492. Olegario V. Andrade (Candelaria, Misiones) 27° 34’S 55° 30'W 493. On Highway 9 at border with Salta, at camp¬ ground on the way to El Carmen (El Carmen, Jujuy) 24° 28’S 65° 21’W 494. Oran (Oran, Salta) 23° 08’ S 64° 20' W 495. Oran, 15 km S, 15 km W along Rio Santa Maria (Oran, Salta) 23° 19’ S 64° 14'W 496. Oran, 20 km al NW (Oran, Salta) 23° 00’ S 64° 22’W 497. Oran, 20 km al NW de Agua Blanca (Oran, Salta) 22° 33’ S 64° 32' W 498. Palma Sola (Santa Barbara, Jujuy) 24 u 00' S 64° 19'W 499. Palma Sola, 550 m (Santa Barbara, Jujuy) 24° 00’S 64° 19’W 500. Palma Sola, Mina de Azufre (Santa Barbara, Jujuy) 24° 00’ S 64° 19' W 501. Pampa Llajta (Atamisqui, Santiago del Estero) 28° 30’ S 63° 50’ W 502. Parada Leis (Capital, Misiones) 27° 36' S 55° 50' W 503. Paraje Paraiso, 16 km SE, sobre ruta 21 (Guarani, Misiones) 26° 58'S 54° 10'W BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 269 504. Parana de Las Palmas y Canal 6 (Campana, Buenos Aires) 34° 07' S 59° 02’ W 505. Parque 9 de Julio, Tucuman (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 47’ S 65° 15’W 506. Parque Nacional Baritu, Finca Jakulica, Angosto del Rio Pescado, 650 m (Santa Victoria, Salta) 22° 33' S 64° 32’ W 507. Parque Nacional Baritu, Finca Lipeo, a 15 km de Las Juntas, 600 m (Santa Victoria, Salta) 22° 27 S 64° 46' W 508. Parque Nacional Baritu, Las Juntas de Rio Lipeo y Bermejo (Santa Victoria, Salta) 22° 26' S 64° 32'W 509. Parque Nacional Baritu, naciente Arroyo Santelmita, 900 m (Santa Victoria, Salta) 22° 31’ S 64° 34' W 510. Parque Nacional El Palmar (Colon, Entre Rios) 31° 59' S 58° 18'W 511. Parque Nacional El Rev (Anta, Salta) 24° 42' S 64° 38' W 512. Parque Nacional El Rev, Arroyo de Los Puestos (Anta, Salta) 24° 42’S 64° 38'W 513. Parque Nacional Iguazu (Iguazu, Misiones) 25° 41'S 54° 27’W 514. Parque Nacional Iguazu, cataratas (Iguazu, Misiones) 25° 4 F S 54° 27'W 515. Parque Nacional Iguazu, ex aeropuerto (Iguazu, Misiones) 25° 4LS 54° 27'W 516. Parque Nacional Iguazu, palmital en ruta 107 (Iguazu, Misiones) 25° 41' S 54° 27 W 517. Parque Nacional Rio Pilcomayo (Pilcomayo, Formosa) 25° 00' S 58 a 15’W 518. Parque Provincial El Cochuna, km 40 sobre ruta 47 (Chicligasta, Tucuman) 27° 18’ S 65° 54' W 519. Paso de la Cruz (Anta, Salta) 24° 55' S 64° 30’ W 520. Paso del Rev, 1 km N, along Arroyo de la Canada Honda (Coronel Pringles, San Luis) 32° 52’ S 66° 00’ W 521. Paso del Rey, 9 km N (Coronel Pringles, San Luis) 32° 50’ S 66° 00' W 522. Paso Flores (Pilcaniyeu, Rio Negro) 40° 35' S 70° 48'W 523. Paso Quintana, Rosario de La Frontera (Rosario de La Frontera, Salta) 25 u 48' S 64° 58' W 524. Patino (Patino, Formosa) 24° 30' S 59° 30' W 525. Patquia (Independence, La Rioja) 30° 09' S 66° 57’W 526. Pedernal (Sarmiento, San Juan) 31° 59' S 68° 44' W 527. Perico (El Carmen, Jujuy) 24° 23' S 65° 07’ W 528. Picada Vieja (Obera, Misiones) 27° 29’ S 55 u 07’ W 529. Pico Salamanca (Escalante, Chubut) 45° 25' S 67° 25’W 530. Piedra Tendida, 12 km WNW Burruyacu along Rio Cajon, 2,500 ft. (Burruyacu, Tucuman) 26° 30' S 64° 52' W 531. Piedra Tendida, 5 km W de Dique El Cajon (Burruyacu, Tucuman) 26° 30' S 64° 52' W 532. Piedrabuena (Burruyacu, Tucuman) 26° 44' S 64° 40’W 533. Pilcomayo (Pilcomayo, Formosa) 25° 22' S 57° 39’W 534. Pinar Velardez, 1560 m (Tafi Viejo, Tucuman) 26° 43’ S 65° 22' W 535. Piquete (La Capital, Santa Fe) 31 0 34' S 60° 43' W 536. Piquirenda Viejo, 30 km N Tartagal (San Martin, Salta) 22° 21' S 63° 50' W 537. Piquirenda Viejo, 6 km W (San Martin, Salta) 22° 21' S 63° 50' W 538. Piquirenda Viejo, 8 km W (San Martin, Salta) 22° 21'S 63° 50'W 539. Planta Caimancito, Parque Nacional Calilegua (Ledesma, Jujuy) 23° 44' S 64° 36' W 540. Platanos (Berazategui, Buenos Aires) 34° 47' S 58° 10'W 541. Playa Larga, Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307 km 19.7 (Monteros, Tucuman) 27° 03' S 65° 40' W 542. Poman, 95 km S Andalgala near balneario, 4,400 ft. (Poman, Catamarca) 28° 24' S 66° 13' W 543. Posadas (Capital, Misiones) 27° 22' S 55° 53' W 544. Posadas, 61 km W, along Hwy 12 (Ituzaingo, Corrientes) 27° 37' S 56 u 28’ W 545. Potrero Dike, 13 km N Andalgala (Andalgala, Catamarca) 27° 32’ S 66° 20’ W 546. Potrero River Dike, El Potrero (Andalgala, Catamarca) 27° 32' S 66° 20’ W 547. Potrero River Dike, Potrero, Approx. 13 km N Andalgala (Andalgala, Catamarca) 27° 32' S 66° 20’W 548. Pozo del Gato (General. Giiemes, Chaco) 24° 40’ S 61° 58' W 549. Pozo del Gato, 3 km E Punta del Agua (General Giiemes, Chaco) 24° 40' S 61° 58' W 550. Pozo del Tigre (Patino, Formosa) 24° 54' S 60° 19’W 551. Pozo Hondo (Jimenez, Santiago del Estero) 27° 10' S 64° 30’W 552. Pozo Hondo, Estancia El Guapo (Jimenez, 270 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Santiago del Estero) 27° 10' S 64° 30' W 553. Primero de Mayo (Uruguay, Entre Rios) 32° 15’ S 58° 25' W 554. Profundidad (Candelaria, Misiones) 27° 35' S 55° 47'W 555. Pronunciamiento (Uruguay, Entre Rios) 32° 21' S 58° 26' W 556. Provincia de Formosa, 24° 56’ 59° 12 1 (Patino, Formosa) 24° 56’ S 59° 12’ W 557. Puente sobre el Rio Bermejo (San Martin, Chaco) 26° 20' S 59° 22’ W 558. Puerto Aguirre (=Puerto Iguazu) (Iguazu, Misiones) 25° 35' S 54° 33' W 559. Puerto Bermejo (Bermejo, Chaco) 26° 56' S 58° 30’W 560. Puerto Pilcomayo (Pilcomayo, Formosa) 25 u 22' S 57° 39' W 561. Puerto Piray, Ruta 12 (Montecarlo, Misiones) 26° 28' S 54° 43’ W 562. Puerto Rico (Libertador General San Martin, Misiones) 26° 48' S 55° 02' W 563. Puerto Santa Fe (La Capital, Santa Fe) 3 1° 40’ S 60° 40’ W 564. Puerto Velaz (Laishl, Formosa) 26° 40' S 58 u 32' W 565. Puesto Arroyo Cabeza de Vaca, 30 km N Apolinario Saravia (Oran, Salta) 23° 55' S 64° 02’W 566. Puesto Cortaderas (Burruyacu, Tucuman) 26° 18' S 64° 37' W 567. Puesto Divisadero, 35 km S, 5 km E Ing. Guillermo N. Juarez (Matacos, Formosa) 24° 14' S6J°56’W 568. Puesto Fronterizo 6 km W La Banderita (Andalgala, Catamarca) 27° 19' S 65° 58' W 569. Puesto Viejo, 16 km N Giiemes, Rio Las Pavas (El Carmen, Jujuy) 24 u 30' S 65° 08' W 570. Punilla, Valle Hermoso (Punilla, Cordoba) 31° 08'S 64° 30'W 571. Punta Lara (Ensenada, Buenos Aires) 34° 49' S 57° 59’ W 572. Punta Loyola, S. Patagonia (Guer Aike, Santa Cruz) 51° 37'S 69“ OF W 573. Punta Rasa, Cabo San Antonio (General Lavalle, Buenos Aires) 36° 23' S 56° 43' W 574. Quebrada de Acambuco, 5 km W Dique Itiyuro (San Martin, Salta) 22° 10' S 63° 53’ W 575. Quebrada de Lopez, San Francisco del Monte de Oro (Ayacucho, San Luis) 32° 40' S 66° 07’ W 576. Quebrada de Lules, 11 km SW San Pablo (Lules, Tucuman) 26° 56'S 65° 21'W 577. Quebrada del Arroyo Astica, 8 km W Astica (Valle Fertil, San Juan) 30° 54' S 67° 17’ W 578. Quebrada del Toro (Trancas, Tucuman) 26° 18’ S 65° 41' W 579. Quequen (Necochea, Buenos Aires) 38° 32’ S 58° 42'W 580. Rancho Los Yngleses, Ajo (General Lavalle, Buenos Aires) 36° 31’ S 56° 53' W 581. Rayo Cortado-Cerro Colorado (Rio Seco, Cordoba) 30° 04' S 63° 50’ W 582. Reconquista (General Obligado, Santa Fe) 29° 10’ S 59° 50' W 583. Reserva Ecologica Nacunan (Santa Rosa, Mendoza) 34° 03’ S 67° 58' W 584. Reserva Provincial “Aguas Chiquitas” El Cadillal (Burruyacu, Tucuman) 26 u 37' S 65 u 12' W 585. Reserva Provincial Santa Ana, Remanso del Gallego (Rio Chico, Tucuman) 27° 26' S 65° 46’ W 586. Reserva Telteca (Lavalle, Mendoza) 32° 20' S 67° 45'W 587. Resistencia (San Fernando, Chaco) 27° 27' S 59° 00’W 588. Resistencia, 20 km N (Primero de Mayo, Chaco) 27° 16’S 58° 58'W 589. Resistencia, margenes del Rio Parana (San Fernando, Chaco) 27° 27’ S 58° 57’ W 590. Rincon de Luna (Concepcion, Corrientes) 28° 38' S 58° 10'W 591. Rincon de Papagayos, 2 km E Papagayos (Chacabuco, San Luis) 32° 40’ S 64° 57’ W 592. Rio Bermejo, 10 mi S Colonia km 503 (Patino, Formosa) 25° 26’S 60° 15'W 593. Rio Blanco, 35 km SW Salta (Rosario de Lerma, Salta) 24° 59'S 65° 35'W 594. Rio Carabelas (Campana, Buenos Aires) 34° 07’ S 59 u 02’ W 595. Rio Ceballos (Colon, Cordoba) 31° 11’ S 64° 20' W 596. Rio Cuarto (Rio Cuarto, Cordoba) 33° 08' S 64° 18'W 597. Rio de Oro, General Vedia (Bermejo, Chaco) 26° 56' S 58“ 41' W 598. Rio de Zora y cruce con ruta 34 (Ledesma, Jujuy) 23° 44' S 64° 40' W 599. Rio del Valle (Anta, Salta) 24° 38' S 64° 16' W 600. Rio Dulce, 5 km EI .as Termas, camino a Vmara (Rio Hondo, Santiago del Estero) 27° 30' S 64° 46’ W 601. Rio El Naranjo, 14 km W de Ruta provincial 5 BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 271 (Anta, Salta) 24° 58* S 64° 38' W 602. Rio Guanaco, 32 km al NE de Lumbrera (Anta, Salta) 24° 50' S 64° 40' W 603. Rio Guaycuru (Primero de Mayo, Chaco) 27° 1 O' S 58° 50' W 604. Rio Hondo (San Alberto, Cordoba) 3 1° 48' S 65° 29'W 605. Rio Las Piedras, Parque Biologico Sierra de San Javier (Yerba Buena, Tucuman) 26° 47' S 65° 23' W 606. Rio Lavayen, N de Santa Clara, sobre ruta 6 (San Pedro, Jujuy) 24° 10' S 64 u 45' W 607. Rio Ledesma, 14 km S Pueblo Ledesma (Ledesma, Jujuy) 23° 50' S 64° 47' W 608. Rio Loro (Bumiyacu, Tucuman) 26° 37’ S 65° 10’W 609. Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307, km 19.7, camino a Tafi del Valle, 700 m (Monteros, Tucuman) 27 u 05' S 65° 40' W 610. Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307, km 19.7, camino a Tafi del Valle, 750 m (Monteros, Tucuman) 27° 05’ S 65° 40' W 611. Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307, km 23.9, camino a Tafi del Valle, 850 m (Monteros, Tucuman) 27° 04' S 65° 40' W 612. Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307, km 24 (Monteros, Tucuman) 27° 04' S 65° 40' W 613. Rio Los Sosa, Ruta 307, km 24.9, camino a Tafi del Valle, 850 m (Monteros, Tucuman) 27° 04' S 65° 40' W 614. Rio Mojotoro, 5 km N Salta (Capital, Salta) 24° 33' S 65° 17' W 615. Rio Mojotoro, Puente del F.C. Belgrano (Gen¬ eral Giiemes, Salta) 24° 31' S 65° 02' W 616. Rio Paraguay, Bouvier (Pilcomayo, Formosa) 25° 27' S 57° 35’ W 617. Rio Pescado (Oran, Salta) 22° 53' S 64° 27' W 618. Rio Piedras, 600 m (Metan, Salta) 25° 18' S 64° 55'W 619. Rio Porteno, 5 km S Estancia Santa Catalina (Patino, Formosa) 24° 56' S 59° 12' W 620. Rio Potrero, 13 km N Andalgala (Andalgala, Catamarca) 27° 32’ S 66° 20' W 621. Rio Pueblo Viejo, Reserva Provincial La Florida (Monteros, Tucuman) 27° 13' S 65° 37' W 622. Rio Quinto (Coronel Pringles, San Luis) 33° 12' S65°51’W 623. Rio Sail (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 50' S 65 u 12' W 624. Rio San Pablo, 3 km NW Concepcion (Capayan, Catamarca) 28° 42' S 66° 04' W 625. Rio Teuco, 10 km W Tartagal (General Giiemes, Chaco) 24° 20' S 62° 00’ W 626. Rio Victoria (Guarani, Misiones) 26° 58’ S 54° 30' W 627. Romang, Isla El Laurel (San Javier, Santa Fe) 29° 30’S 59° 46'W 628. Rosario de La Frontera (Rosario de La Frontera, Salta) 25° 45’S 64° 57'W 629. Rosario de Lerrna, Escuela Gurruchaga (Rosario de Lerrna, Salta) 24° 59' S 65° 35' W 630. Ruta 2 y puente del Canal 2 (General Guido, Buenos Aires) 36° 47' S 57° 49' W 631. Ruta 307, 6 km S cruce con ruta a El Mollar (Monteros, Tucuman) 26° 53' S 65° 41' W 632. Ruta 307, km 43, 1700 m (Monteros, Tucuman) 26° 53’S 65° 41’W 633. Ruta 307, km 46, 1700 m (Monteros, Tucuman) 26° 53'S 65° 41'W 634. Saenz Pena (Comandante Fernandez, Chaco) 26° 47' S 60° 27' W 635. Saladillo (Coronel Pringles, San Luis) 33° 12' S 65° 51’ W 636. Saladillo, Rio Quinto (Coronel Pringles, San Luis) 33° 12' S 65° 51’ W 637. Salta (Capital, Salta) 24° 47' S 65° 24’ W 638. Salta Capital (Capital, Salta) 24° 47’ S 65° 24’ W 639. Salta, 30 km NE (La Caldera, Salta) 24° 30’ S 65° 22’W 640. Salta, casa habitada (Capital, Salta) 24° 47’ S 65° 24'W 641. Salta, ciudad (Capital, Salta) 24° 47’ S 65° 24' W 642. Salta, Parque San Martin (Capital, Salta) 24° 47' S 65° 24' W 643. San Agustin (Cerrillos, Salta) 24° 59' S 65° 25' W 644. San Antonio (Candelaria, Salta) 25° 55' S 65° 35' W 645. San Antonio (Jimenez, Santiago del Estero) 26° 46' S 64° 36’ W 646. San Antonio de La Falda (Fray Mamerto Esquiu, Catamarca) 28° 26' S 65° 43’ W 647. San Bias de los Sauces, 4 km SE San Bias (San Bias de los Sauces, La Rioja) 28° 26' S 67° 05' W 648. San Borgita (Ituzaingo, Corrientes) 27° 29' S 56° 07’W 649. San Borgita, Estero de Ibera (Ituzaingo, Corrientes) 27° 29' S 56° 07' W 650. San Carlos (Ituzaingo, Corrientes) 27° 45' S 55° 54’ W 651. San Carlos de Bariloche, 4 km SW (Banloche, 272 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY Rio Negro) 41° 08’S 71° 17'W 652. San Esteban, 1100 m (Punilla, Cordoba) 30° 55' S 64° 32' W 653. San Felix (Alberdi, Santiago del Estero) 26° 38' S 63° 24' W 654. San Fernando (San Fernando, Buenos Aires) 34° 27' S 58° 34' W 655. San Francisco del Monte de Oro, 7 km E from downtown (Ayacucho, San Luis) 32° 36' S 66° 07' W 656. San Ignacio (San Ignacio, Misiones) 27° 17' S 55° 32’ W 657. San Isidro (San Isidro, Buenos Aires) 34° 29' S 58° 31' W 658. San Isidro (Rosario V. Penaloza, La Rioja) 31° 46' S 66° 25' W 659. San Javier (San Javier, Santa Fe) 30 u 31' S 59° 58' W 660. San Javier (Tafi Viejo, Tucuman) 26° 48’ S 65° 23’W 661. San Juan (San Alberto, Cordoba) 31° 37' S 65° 22’ W 662. San Julian (Magallanes, Santa Cruz) 49° 19’ S 67° 42’ W 663. San Lorenzo (Ledesma, Jujuy) 23° 33' S 64° 40' W 664. San Lorenzo (Capital, Salta) 24° 44' S 65° 30’ W 665. San Lorenzo (San Lorenzo, Santa Fe) 32° 45' S 60° 44' W 666. San Luis (Capital, San Luis) 33° 18’ S 66° 22' W 667. San Martin (San Martin, San Luis) 32° 28' S 65° 40’W 668. San Martin de los Andes, 71 km SE (Lacar, Neuquen) 40° 10’ S 71° 21’ W 669. San Miguel (General Sarmiento, Buenos Aires) 34° 34’ S 58° 42'W 670. San Miguel de Tucuman (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 50’ S 65° 13’W 671. San Miguel de Tucuman, 28 km NE (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 37' S 65° 07' W 672. San Miguel de Tucuman, 29 km NE (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 37' S 65° 07'W 673. San Miguel de Tucuman, 450 m (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 50’ S 65° 13'W 674. San Miguel de Tucuman, 456 m (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 50'S 65° 13'W 675. San Miguel de Tucuman, Plaza Independence (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 49’ S 65° 13’ W 676. San Pedro (Jimenez, Santiago del Estero) 27° 06’ S 64° 17’W 677. San Pedro de Colalao (Trancas, Tucuman) 26° 14'S 65° 29’W 678. San Pedro de Colalao, south of, at km marker 42, on Hwy 364, 4,700 ft (Trancas, Tucuman) 26° 20'S 65° 33’W 679. San Pedro de Guasayan (Guasayan, Santiago del Estero) 27° 57’S 65° 10' W 680. San Pedro, 20 km al SE (San Pedro, Misiones) 26° 47’ S 53° 58' W 681. San Pedro, 26 km NE, sobre mta 16 (Montecarlo, Misiones) 26° 34'S 53° 56’W 682. San Pedro,. 47 km SE (San Pedro, Misiones) 26° 50’S 53° 48'W 683. San Pedro, vuelta de Rocha (San Pedro, Buenos Aires) 33° 39' S 59° 50’ W 684. San Ramon de la Nueva Oran (Oran, Salta) 23° 08’ S 64° 20' W 685. San Salvador de Jujuy (Dr. Manuel Belgrano, Jujuy) 24° 12’ S 65° 19’W 686. San Salvador de Jujuy, 20 km W (Dr. Manuel Belgrano, Jujuy) 24° 10' S 65° 20' W 687. Santa Ana (Candelaria, Misiones) 27° 22' S 55° 35’W 688. Santa Barbara (Valle Grande, Jujuy) 23° 36' S 65° 04'W 689. Santa Catalina, 5 km W (Guasayan, Santiago del Estero) 28° 08' S 64° 47' W 690. Santa Clara (Santa Barbara, Jujuy) 24° 18' S 64° 41'W 691. Santa Fe (La Capital, Santa Fe) 31 0 39' S 60° 43' W 692. Santa Fe, Ciudad (La Capital, Santa Fe) 31° 39' S 60° 43' W 693. Santa Ines (Capital, Misiones) 27° 31’ S 55° 50' W 694. Santa Isabel (Pellegrini, Santiago del Estero) 26° 20’ S 64° 20’ W 695. Santa Maria, sobre Rio Santa Maria (Oran, Salta) 23° 17' S 64° 14'W 696. Santa Rosa (Rivadavia, Salta) 24° 10’ S 63° 08' W 697. Santa Victoria Este (Rivadavia, Salta) 22° 17' S 62° 43' W 698. Santa Victoria Oeste, 2200 m (Santa Victoria, Salta) 22° 15’ S 64° 58' W 699. Santo Domingo (Pellegrini, Santiago del Estero) 26 a 12’ S 63° 46’ W 700. Sauce Viejo (La Capital, Santa Fe) 31° 50’ S 60° 52’W 701. Sauce Viejo, 17 km al N, cmce del Arroyo Ne¬ gro con Rio Santa Fe (La Capital, Santa Fe) 31° BARQUEZ ET AL.—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 273 47’ S 60° 52' W 702. Sauce Viejo, Rio Coronda (La Capital, Santa Fe) 31 0 46' S 60° 51' W 703. Seclantas (Molinos, Salta) 25° 18* S 66° 15’ W 704. Segunda Usina (Calamuchita, Cordoba) 32° 13' S 64° 31' W 705. Senda del Cedro Grande, Horco Mo lie (Yerba Buena, Tucuman) 26° 47’ S 65 u 23’ W 706. Senda del Pluviometro, 800 m, Horco Molle (Yerba Buena, Tucuman) 26° 47' S 65° 23 1 W 707. Serrania de Las Pavas (Oran, Salta) 22° 33’ S 64° 32'W 708. Sierra de la Ventana (Torquinst, Buenos Aires) 38° 08’ S 61° 47’ W 709. Simbolar (Pellegrini, Santiago del Estero) 26° 10’ S 63° 45' W 710. Sumampa (Quebrachos, Santiago del Estero) 29° 22' S 63° 27’ W 711. Tabacal (Oran, Salta) 23° 15’ S 64° 15' W 712. Tacanas (Trancas, Tucuman) 26° 18’ S 65° 30’ W 713. Tacanitas (Taboada, Santiago del Estero) 28° 40’ S 62° 35’ W 714. Taco Pozo, 77 km NE, sobre picada 20 (Almirante Brown, Chaco) 25° 38’ S 63° 15’ W 715. Taco Yana (Trancas, Tucuman) 26° 11' S 65° 30' W 716. Tacuaruzu (Leandro N. Alem, Misiones) 27° 37' S 55° 39' W 717. TafT de Valle, 2200 m (Tafi del Valle, Tucuman) 26° 52’ S 65° 4 L W 718. Tab del Valle (Tall del Valle, Tucuman) 26° 52' S 65° 41' W 719. Tafi Viejo (Tafi Viejo, Tucuman) 26° 44' S 65° 16' W 720. Tala Canada, 1250 m (Pocho, Cordoba) 31 0 21 ’ S 64° 58' W 721. Tandil (Tandil, Buenos Aires) 37° 20' S 59° 08' W 722. Tapia (Trancas, Tucuman) 26° 36’ S 65° 18' W 723. Tapso (Andalgala, Catamarca) 27° 32’ S 66° 20' W 724. Tartagal (General Guemes, Chaco) 24° M'S 62° 07'W 725. Tartagal (San Martin, Salta) 22° 32' S 63° 49’ W 726. Tartagal, 10 km al W (General Guemes, Chaco) 24° 20' S 62° 00' W 727. Tecka, 3 km N, along Hwy 40 (Languineo, Chubut) 43° 27' S 70° 48' W 728. Termas de Rosario de La Frontera (Rosario de La Frontera, Salta) 22° 50' S 64° 56' W 729. Teyu Cuare (San Ignacio, Misiones) 27° 05’ S 55° 23’ W 730. Ticucho, 3 km E (Trancas, Tucuman) 26° 31' S 65° 14’W 73 1. Ticucho, entrando por cola del Dique El Cadillal (Trancas, Tucuman) 26° 3 1' S 65° 14' W 732. Tigre (Tigre, Buenos Aires) 34° 25' S 58° 35' W 733. Timbo Nuevo (Burruyacu, Tucuman) 26° 42' S 65° 07' W 734. Tinogasta (Tinogasta, Catamarca) 28° 04' S 67° 34'W 735. Toma de Los L.aureles, 6 km SSW Chicoana, 1400 m (Chicoana, Salta) 24° 57’ S 65° 37’ W 736. Tonono, 1 km E sobre Rio Itiyuro (San Martin, Salta) 22° 34’ S 63° 29' W 737. Totoras (Iriondo, Santa Fe) 32° 35' S 61° 1 V W 738. Trancas (Trancas, Tucuman) 26° 13’ S 65° 1 7 W 739. Tranquitas (Burruyacu, Tucuman) 26° 37' S 65° 02'W 740. Tres Cruces, 8 km al SE, 3600 m (Humahuaca, Jujuy) 22° 59’ S 65° 29’ W 741. Tres Cruces, 8 km S, sobre Ruta 9 (Humahuaca, Jujuy) 22° 59’ S 65° 29’ W 742. Tucuman (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 50’ S 65° 13' W 743. Tucuman, 370 m (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 50' S 65° 13'W 744. Tucuman, 400 m (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 50' S 65° 13’ W 745. Tucuman, 450 m (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 50’ S 65° 13' W 746. Tucuman, 456 m (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 50' S 65° 13’W 747. Tucuman, ciudad (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 50' S 65° 13’W 748. Tucuman, Ciudad, casa centrica (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 50’S 65° 13'W 749. Tucuman, Hotel Savoy (Capital, Tucuman) 26° 50' S 65° 13’W 750. Unchime (General Guemes, Salta) 24° 40' S 64° 55'W 751. Unquilio (Colon, Cordoba) 31° 14'S 64° 19’W 752. Upper Cachi (Cachi , Salta) 25° 07' S 66° 12' W 753. Uspallata (Las Eleras, Mendoza) 32° 35' S 69° 22'W 754. Vado de Arrazayal (Oran, Salta) 22° 33' S 64° 32'W 755. Vado de Arrazayal, 20 km NW Aguas Blancas (Oran, Salta) 22° 33’ S 64° 32' W 756. Venado Tuerto (General Lopez, Santa Fe) 33° 46' S 61° 58’ W 757. Villa Dolores (San Javier, Cordoba) 31 0 57 S 65° 274 SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY 12’W 758. Villa El Potrero (Andalgala, Catarnarca) 27° 32' S 66° 20' W 759. Villa El Potrero (N Andalgala), El Potrero (Andalgala, Catarnarca) 27° 32' S 66° 20' W 760. Villa Gesell (General Madariaga, Buenos Aires) 37° 15' S 56° 57' W 761. Villa La Angostura, 19 km N (Los Lagos, Neuquen) 40° 40’S 71° 40'W 762. Villa La Ventana (Torquinst, Buenos Aires) 38° 08’S 61° 47'W 763. Villa Lands (Capital, Misiones) 27° 26' S 55 u 53' W 764. Villa Larca (Chacabuco, San Luis) 32° 38' S 65° 00’W 765. Villa Maria (Colon, Cordoba) 31° 30' S 64° 00' W 766. Villa Mercedes (Pellegrini, Santiago del Estero) 26° 29'S 64° 12'W 767. Villa Miguel Lanus (Capital, Misiones) 27° 26' S 55° 53' W 768. Villa Union (CoronelF. Varela, La Rioja) 29° 18' S 68° 12'W 769. Villa Union (Mitre, Santiago del Estero) 29° 27' S 62° 50' W 770. Vinalito, 2 km al NW, al borde del segundo canal (Santa Barbara, Jujuy) 23° 40' S 64° 25' VV 771. Vipos, Estancia San Pedro (Trancas, Tucuman) 26° 29' S 65° 22' W 772. Virasoro (Santo Tome, Corrientes) 28 y 02' S 56° 01'W 773. VLrgen del Valle picnic area on Highway 64 between Santa Catalina and La Puerta Chiquita (Guasayan, Santiago del Estero) 28 u 09' S 64° 50' W 774. Yacanto (San Javier, Cordoba) 32° 03’ S 65° 02' W 775. Yerba Buena (Yerba Buena, Tucuman) 26° 49' S 65° 19'W 776. Yu to (Ledesma, Jujuy) 23° 38' S 64° 28' W 777. Yuto, Rio San Francisco, altura de Estacion (Ledesma, Jujuy) 23° 38' S 64° 28' W 778. Zanjon Bermejo (Capital, Mendoza) 32° 54’ S 68° 50’W 779. ZeJaya (Pilar, Buenos Aires) 34° 22’ S 58° 53’ W NOT LOCATED Abra de La Punilla (Anta, Aguaray, 120 km E (Rivadavia, Salta) Antilla (Pellegrini, Santiago del Estero) Apipe Grande (Chaco) Arroyo Urugua-i (Misiones) Arroyo Urugua-i, km 10 (Misiones) Buena Vista (Capital, Salta) Chacra La Merced (Capital, Cordoba) Chubut (Chubut) Delta del Parana (Buenos Aires) Delta del Parana de las Palmas (Campana, Buenos Aires) Delta, Brazo Largo (Islas del Ibicuy, Entre Rios) Departamento Belen (Catarnarca) Departamento Cainguas (Misiones) Departamento Candelaria (Misiones) Departamento Capital (Misiones) Departamento General Roca (actual Dep. R. V. Pehaloza, La Rioja) Departamento Gualeyguachu (Entre Rios) Departamento Guarani (Misiones) Departamento Obera (Misiones) Departamento San Carlos (Mendoza) Departamento San Carlos (Salta) El Zanjon (Santiago del Estero) Ensenadita (San Cosme, Corrientes) Escuela 633, km 11 (Obera, Misiones) Estancia Chacabuco, 18 km NE (Confluencia, Neuquen) Estancia El Condor, 22 km ESE Bariloche (Rio Negro) Estancia El Pilar, 2 km de parada Tatare (Mercedes, Corrientes) Estancia La Palmita (Ituzaingo, Corrientes) Estancia Las Mercedes (Anta, Salta) Estancia San Jorge (Iguazu, Misiones) Estero de los Patos (Patino, Formosa) Finca El Palmar (Jujuy) Golfo San Jose (Biedma, Chubut) Golfo San Marias (Rio Negro) Isla Ella (Buenos Aires) Islas Malvinas (Islas Malvinas) La Libertad (Jimenez, Santiago del Estero) La Pampa (La Pampa) Las Talitas (Monteros, Tucuman) Los C’isnes, Delta del Parana (Buenos Aires) Mbarigui (Beron de Astrada, Corrientes) Misiones (Misiones) Misiones, 200 m (Misiones) Noreste de Corrientes (Corrientes) Northern Chaco (Chaco) Palo Seco (Tulumba Cordoba) Parana de Las Palmas (Campana Buenos Aires) Paso del Durazno (Rio Cuarto Cordoba) Patagonia BARQUEZ ET AL—THE BATS OF ARGENTINA 275 Peninsula de Valdes (Biedma Chubut) Provincia de Chaco (Chaco) Provincia de Formosa (Formosa) Puerto Pratt, Last Flope Inlet, Patagonia, 5 m Puerto San Martin (San Lorenzo Santa Fe) Puesto Lima (Mendoza) Rio de La Plata mouth, 30 or 40 mi S, Patagonian coast (Buenos Aires) Rio Hondo (Cruz del Eje Cordoba) Rio Negro (Rio Negro) San Isidro (Tulumba Cordoba) San Salvador (Figueroa Santiago del Estero) Sarapampa (Pellegrini Santiago del Estero) Sierra de Ancasti, Ruta 2, 1700 m (Catamarca) Tafi, 2000 m (Tucuman) Tucuman, 1500 m (Tucuman) Tucuman, no specific locality (Tucuman) Valle de Letma, 1200 m (Rosario de Lerma Salta) Villa Guillermina (Chaco) Villa Walcarde (Cordoba) 394 394